PowerPoint-presentatie

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GO EUROPE ! European culture identity Cultural
history of Europe A Brief Introduction Thursda
y, January 9th 2014
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Main elements of culture / civilization
1. Religion ? e.g. Christianity, Islam,
Hinduism, Confucianism   2. History, shared
past ? Western history, Arab history, Russian
etc. 3. Language, the language families ? e.g.
Indo-European, Turkic, Semitic,
etc.    4. Ethnicity ? e.g. Bantu, Chinese,
Caucasian, etc. Self-identification ? us'
?? them', ingroup ?? outgroup
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Dominant religions in Europe
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Civilizations are closely connected to the great
religions culture is religion, basically
http//www.mapsofwar.com/images/Religion.swf
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•   Three Eras Ancient, Medieval, Modern
• Ancient 0-500 AD
• Greco-Roman world
• Birth of Christianity
• Medieval 500-1500
• Holy Roman Empire Islamic empires
• Spread of Christianity Islam
• Modern 1500-2000
• Age of Empires
• Reformation Enlightenment
• 3a. Modern/Contemporary 1900-present
• Nation states

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• Antiquity 0 - 500 AD
• Greco-Roman world
• Birth of Christianity

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The basics European civilization legacy of
the Roman Empire (Greco-Roman world)
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Roman bridge in Maastricht
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• The Greco-Roman legacy modern Europe
• Religion Christianity ( the Greco-Roman
  religion)
• Language Latin alphabet, Latin concepts
• Public order rule of law, citizenship,
  republic/monarchy
• Science and philosophy (Greek)
• The Arts literature, drama, painting, sculpture,
  architecture, music

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The Latin Alphabet
Latin Romania (19th C.) Turkey (1928)
Greek, Arabic, a.o. alphabets
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• Oriental traditions with their own alphabets
• Greek alphabet
• Cyrillic alphabet
• Georgian alphabet
• Armenian alphabet
• Hebrew alphabet
• Arabic alphabet

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Alphabets worldwide green Latin, red
Cyrillic, blue Arabic, black own types,
yellowgreen Brahman, grey NO alphabet
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The Western Roman Empire collapsed during the
Age of Invasions (5th Century), followed by a
series of Barbarian successor states (Goths,
Franks, Alemans, a.o.)
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• 2. Middle Ages 500-1500
• Holy Roman Empire Islamic empires
• Spread of Christianity Islam

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Two Roman empires Charlemagnes Empire and
Byzantium (around 800)
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The Dome of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen, Germany)
built by Charlemagne, and dating from c.800
meant to compete with Byzantium (and the only
Early Medieval monumental building North of the
Alpes)
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Expansion of Christianity Islam Untill the
Great Schism of 1054 Rome Byzantium
Monophysites Nestorians
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• The different European civilizations
• are all a consequence of big schisms within
  Christianity
• Eastern Christians convert en masse to Islam
  700-1100
• Christian minorities Copts, Maronites, Church
  of the East (now in trouble within Syria and
  Egypt)
• The Great Schism Rome versus Orthodoxy
  1054
• Greco-Catholics unite with Rome (16th17th
  C.)
• The Reformation Protestants secede from
  Rome 1517-1648
• Evangelicals and Pentecostals (19th20th
  C.)

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Civilizations since Middle Ages Latin West,
Byzantine East, Islam India, China, Japan
Latin the West
Japanese Shinto
Byzantine Orthodox
Chinese Confucianism
Arabic Islam
Sanskrit Hinduism
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Afther the fall of Rome (476), the Eastern half
of the Roman Empire continues, becoming ever
more Greek in the process Byzantium
(untill 1453)
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The Church of Holy Wisdom (hagia sofia), Aya
Sofya, built 532-537 and model for all mosques -
and many churches - worldwide
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• Byzantium Constantinople
• Second Rome Istanbul
• The Hagia Sofia Holy Wisdom,
• Now Aya Sofiya
• When the heavenly emperor of Byzantium moved
  forward, cuppola after cuppola revealed an ever
  more divine reality heaven on earth ...
• Orthodox church 532-1204, 1261-1453
• Catholic church 1204-1261
• Mosque 1453-1931
• Museum 1931-present

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• One of the biggest success stories of history
• How the tiney city state of Moscow (Muscovia),
  from around 1300 developed into the worlds
  largest empire, the Russian Empire
• (c.1600-1917)
• and into the even larger Soviet Empire
  (1917-1991)
• And Putin just dreams of it

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The Moscow Kremlin (Uspensky Cathedral) was
literally considered the Third Rome and czars
yearly conducted the divine emperors rituals,
representing Christ on Earth
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The Orthodox half of Europe from Athens to
Vladivostok
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• 3. Modern 1500-2000
• Age of Empires
• Reformation Enlightenment

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Protestant Reformation, 1517-1648
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?
PROTESTANTISM MODERNITY Priesthood of
believersRight of individual conscience Egalit
arianismRevolt against Papal authorityScripture
as the highest authority Right to
revolutionChristian Liberty (internal) Indivi
dualismVoluntary Covenant LiberalismThe
split into Protestant sects Religious
TolerationNo celibacy, married
priesthood Women's Liberation "Protestant
ethic"Election Capitalism Predestination C
ongregation as ultimate authority DemocracyTra
nslation of Scripture into the vernacular Nationa
lism
Connections between Protestantism and
Enlightenment
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Europes Latin civilization created The West
and Western Civilization
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• 3a. Modern/Contemporary 1900-present
• Nation states
• Global Christianity Islam, Western secularism

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Europe AD 1900
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Europe AD 2000
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Unification of Europe, 1939-1945, by the Third
Reich
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Cold War the West versus the East
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CONCLUSION
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• In summary European culture is the outcome of
• (1.) Greek-Roman legacy
• Christianity
• time and eternity perspective
• the conscience individuals freedom/equality
• concept of society (congregation)
• Public order rule of law, citizenship,
  republic/monarchy
• Classical arts literature
• Classical philosophy
• Latin (Alphabet, Concepts of all Western
  languages)
• (2.) European Middle Ages (c.500-1500)
• Latin (Catholic) Christianity Western Church
  
• Monasteries, churches
• Universities (Theology, Philosophy, Law)
• Public order concept of the Sacrum Imperium
• Arts Romanesque, Gothic

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• (3.) Renaissance, Humanism, Reformation
  (c.1500-1650)
• Revival of Classical culture (arts, knowledge)
• Protestantism (Reformation, Radical Reformation)
• Politics absolutism, state religion
• Mass media books, pamphlets, newspapers
• Arts Renaissance, Baroque
• Literature drama, poetry
• Music opera, ballet, instrumental music
• (3.) Enlightenment Modernity
  (c.1700-present)
• Enlightenment and Radical Enlightenment
• Arts Classicism, Romanticism, Modernism
• Politics seperation of church and state,
  nation states
• Citizenship and human rights
• Peoples souvereignity,republicanism, democracy
• (e.g. liberalism / socialism / conservatism)

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Western
Scheme of the rise and fall of the great
civilizations from Arnold J. Toynbees A Study of
History (12 volumes, 1934-1961) Western
civilization follows the decline of the Islamic
and Byzantine (Orthodox Christian) Medieval
civilizations
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Map of Global civilizations (c.1950) by the
British historian Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975).
His analysis of the rise and fall of the great
civilizations was very influential in its time.
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Civilizations according to Samuel P. Huntington
Orthodox
The West
Japan
China
Islam
Hindu
Africa
Latin-America
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• The famous fault line between the
• Western (Latin) and
• Eastern (Byzantine, Orthodox)
• European civilizations
• Suggested by
• Samuel P. Huntington,
• Arnold Toynbee, and others

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Catholic Protestant Orthodox Muslim Greco-Catholi
c
The (Latin) West Eastern Europe
South-East
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• What is European culture ?
• Monotheïsm European culture is essentially
  Christian
• Rationality European culture is basically
  Greek
• Public Order European culture is very much
  Roman
• Typically European values stemming from these
  great traditions
• Egalitarianism, equality (e.g. between man and
  woman)
• Freedom of conscience, freedom of expression
  (sacred!)
• The individual (even religion is considered
  something individual !)
• Separation of powers (church/state, state/law,
  government/parliament)