Section I:The Civil War Begins

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Title: Section I:The Civil War Begins

1
Section IThe Civil War Begins
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As soon as the Confederacy was formed on Feb. 4,
1861, Confederate soldiers began taking over
federal installations in their states
courthouses, post offices, and especially forts.
By the time Abraham Lincoln took office, only
four Southern forts remained in the Union.

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The most important was Fort Sumter, on an island
in Charlestons harbor.
President Lincoln had indicated that he would not
invade the South but would protect Federal
property.
Lincoln ordered that the Union soldiers at Fort
Sumter be resupplied.

Confederate president Jefferson Davis ordered
that Fort Sumter be taken by force before the
resupplies arrived.
On April 12, 1861, Confederate guns opened fire
on Fort Sumter.
After 34 hours, Fort Sumter surrendered without
any deaths.
The Confederates had fired the first shots of the
Civil War.

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Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate
States of America
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Lincoln immediately declared that the southern
states were in a state of rebellion.
He called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days to
put down a rebellion and to restore the Union.
Four states (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee,
and Arkansas) of the Upper South joined the
Confederacy following Lincolns call for
volunteers.

Four other border slave states (Delaware,
Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland) remained in the
Union.
Lincoln had to use federal troops to keep
Maryland in the Union.
To lose Maryland would have meant to lose the
Union capital, since Maryland surrounded
Washington, D.C. on three sides.

Later the western part of Virginia indicated its
loyalty to the Union and in 1863 Congress
admitted West Virginia to the Union.
The secession of Virginia involved a personality
of immense importance to the future course of the
war.
Colonel Robert E. Lee had been offered command of
the U.S. Army by President Lincoln.

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General Robert E. Lee, CSA
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After wrestling with his conscience for days, Lee
stated that he could not draw his sword against
his native Virginia and resigned his commission
in the U.S. Army.
He became the commander of the Army of Northern
Virginia and one of the most able military brains
of all time.

Northerners and Confederates alike expected a
short, glorious war. Soldiers left for the front
with bands playing and crowds cheering. Both
sides felt that right was on their side, and both
were convinced that their opponents were boastful
bluffers who would collapse after a few whiffs of
gunpowder.

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Advantages, Disadvantages, and Strategies
19

In reality the two sides were unevenly matched.
The North was superior in nearly every type of
resource, including manufacturing plants,
merchant ships, railroad tracks, banks, minerals,
grain crops and meat.
The Confederacy had less than ½ as many people as
the North and more than 1/3 of these were slaves.

The South did have some advantages
1) They were fighting essentially a
defensive war on familiar
terrain
2) They had outstanding military
leaders commanding
experienced troops

The Unions military strategy was simple
1) blockade Confederate ports
2) invade the South and split into thirds at the
Mississippi River and through Tennessee and
Georgia
3) capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, VA

This strategy was designed by Army Chief of Staff
Winfield Scott and was nicknamed the Anaconda
Plan, after the snake that chokes its victims to
death.
Because the Confederacys goal was its own
survival as a nation, its strategy was mostly
defensive.

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However, Southern leaders encouraged their
generals to attack and even to invade the North
if the opportunity arose.
They believed that one large victory on Northern
soil would end the war.
The South was also counting on their European
trade partners (England and France) to fight with
them to restore the cotton trade.

As it turns out, England and France had surpluses
of cotton and never felt that the South could
actually win the war.
The Souths war effort would also be hampered by
the very nature of their government. The
independence of the states denied Jeff Davis the
type of power needed to conduct and win a war.

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First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
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On July 21, 1861, the Union Army invaded VA to
capture Richmond.
About 30 miles from Washington, D.C., 30,000
Northern troops met a smaller Confederate force
near a stream called Bull Run.
Expecting victory and quick end to the war,
members of Congress and Washington civilians came
along to picnic and watch the battle.

What they saw was a confusing clash of two
untrained armies.
Union troops fought well at first, but the
Confederates proved better organized.
Using the railroad and telegraph, Confederate
officers were able to quickly supply
reinforcements.
Panic stricken Union soldiers and civilians fled
back to Washington.

During the battle someone observed the leader of
the Confederate reinforcements standing in the
midst of the battle like a stone wall.
Thus the nickname was given to General Thomas
Stonewall Jackson, a very able and very
religious military leader.

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General Stonewall Jackson, CSA
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Fortunately for the Union, the Confederates were
too exhausted and disorganized to follow up their
victory with an attack on Washington.
Still, Confederate morale soared.

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The Peninsula Campaign
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The day after Manassas, President Lincoln
appointed George McClellan to command the major
Union army in the East the Army of the Potomac,
named after the river that flows past Washington.
By the spring of 1862, McClellan had built a
huge, well-equipped army.
But he was reluctant to attack.

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McClellan thought that going to Richmond through
Manassas would be a mistake.
So in the spring of 1862, he moved the Army of
the Potomac by ship to the peninsula between the
York and James Rivers.
He slowly marched towards Richmond, and was met
by Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia.

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McClellan had about 100,000 soldiers, about twice
as many as Lee had.
Determined to save Richmond, Lee moved against
McClellan in a series of battles collectively
known as the Seven Days Battles.

Although the Confederates had fewer soldiers and
suffered higher casualties, Lees determination
and tactics so unnerved McClellan that he backed
away from Richmond and headed down the peninsula
to the sea.
McClellan had gotten to within seven miles of
Richmond before he decided that he could not
advance any further.

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Antietam
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Lincoln fired McClellan following the Peninsula
Campaign.
General John Pope was placed in charge of the
Army of the Potomac and was asked once again to
march on to Richmond.
In the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), Lee
and Jackson led the Confederates to victory again.

Lincoln relieved Pope of his command, and
McClellan was reinstated as commander of the Army
of the Potomac.
Now that Richmond had been saved, Lee moved tried
to exploit the situation by invading the North
for the first time.
A few days after the Second Battle of Bull Run,
Lees troops crossed the Potomac into Maryland.

At that point McClellan had a tremendous stroke
of luck. A Union corporal, exploring a meadow
where the Confederates had camped found a copy of
Lees orders wrapped around a bunch of cigars.
The plan revealed that Lees and Jacksons armies
were separated for the moment.
On Sept. 17, 1862, McClellan attacked Lee at
Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland.

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In the bloodiest single day of the war, McClellan
forced Lee to retreat into VA.
The Confederates suffered 11,000 casualties but
McClellan lost 13,000, and his army was too
damaged to pursue Lee and finish him.
Within the space of seven hours, the casualties
nearly doubled the numbers suffered in the War of
1812 and the Mexican War combined. Lincoln fired
McClellan.

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The Union victory at Antietam was of strategic
importance because it made Britain reluctant to
respond to the Souths request for aid.
It also gave Lincoln the victory that he needed
to announce the Emancipation Proclamation, which
changed the Unions goal from preserving the
Union to ending slavery.

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The Western Theater
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From the start the war was far better for the
Union in the West.
In Feb., 1862, General Ullysses S. Grant led an
army into Tennessee and captured two important
forts Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.
At Fort Donelson, Grants insistence that his
enemy surrender unconditionally earned him the
nickname Unconditional Surrender Grant.

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Ulysses S. Grant, Union commander in the West
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Moving rapidly south on the Tennessee River,
Grant paused at Shiloh Church near the
Mississippi state line.
Grant knew that Confederate general Albert Sidney
Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard were nearby in
Corinth, Mississippi. He did not, however, expect
them to attack.

Thus, on April 6, 1862, Grants soldiers were
caught by surprise as thousands of Confederate
forces had pushed Grants men back to the
Tennessee River.
The Confederate forces went to bed confident that
they could finish off Grants army the next
morning.

Early the next day, however, Grant launched an
attack.
The Battle of Shiloh raged all morning.
By the middle of the afternoon, Grants forces
had subdued the Confederates, and Beauregard
ordered a retreat.

Both sides paid dearly more than 13,000 Union
casualties and 10,000 Confederate casualties,
including General Johnston.
As Grant was pushing south toward the Mississippi
River, Union Admiral David Farragut managed to
gain control of the port of New Orleans.
Grant and Farragut were coming close to achieving
control of the Mississippi River.

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David Farragut, U.S. naval officer
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Section II The Politics of War
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England decided to remain neutral in the American
Civil War for the following reasons
1) England didnt need Southern cotton as much as
it needed grain from the Midwest
2) England didnt think the South could win
3) England would not support a nation of
slaveholders

In the fall of 1861, an incident occurred to test
the neutrality of England
Two Confederate diplomats traveling to England on
board a British merchant ship, the Trent, were
arrested by Union naval officers.
England threatened war against the Union unless
the men were freed.

Lincoln decided to set the men free rather than
risk war with England.
Although Britain did not recognize the
Confederacy, it did sell the South ships with
which to fight the Union blockade.
One ship, the Alabama, sank or captured 64
merchant ships before it was sunk.

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Emancipation Proclamation
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During war, the property (contraband) of the
enemy may be seized.
Slaveholders had always insisted that by law
enslaved people were only property.
Early in the war, the Union Army began to
consider runaway slaves as contraband. Runaways
were put to work helping to build Union
fortifications.

Contrabands soon became a common name for
runaways.
Meanwhile, Lincoln edged toward emancipation.
In the aftermath of the Union victory at
Antietam, Lincoln announced that all slaves
within rebel lines would be freed unless the
seceded states returned to their allegiance by
January 1, 1863.

On that day, the Emancipation Proclamation went
into effect.
Excluded from the terms were the Union slave
states and areas of the Confederacy that were
under Union control.
In all, about 830,000 of the nations 4 million
slaves were not covered by its provisions.

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Since Lincoln had justified his actions on
strictly military grounds, he believed that there
was no legal right to apply it to areas not in
rebellion.
More than three years would pass before slavery
was abolished everywhere in the U.S. by the
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.

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The Proclamation turned the war into a moral
crusade and aroused a renewed spirit in the
North.
The number of African American volunteers for the
army increased dramatically.
The news of Union troops nearby often inspired
slaves to leave their masters to follow the Union
army.

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African Americans in the Army
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By wars end nearly 180,000 African American men
had served in the Union army.
The 166 all-black regiments fought 449
engagements, including 39 major battles.
They received less than half the pay of white
soldiers.
White officers commanded every black regiment.

Captured black soldiers were treated by the South
as outlaws shot, hanged, or sold into slavery.
The most famous of the black regiments was the
54th Massachusetts infantry which suffered heavy
casualties in its efforts in South Carolina.

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More than 20 African American soldiers won the
Congressional Medal of Honor.
More than 32,000 African American soldiers gave
their lives for the Union cause.

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Dissent on the Home Front
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Opposition to the war existed from the very
beginning in both North and South.
To carry on the war, President Lincoln and
President Davis each exerted so much power that
both men were accused of acting like dictators.
The Confederate government seized mules, wagons,
food, and slaves for its armies.

The Union government took over and operated
private telegraph lines and railroads near war
zones.
Both presidents suppressed opposition to the war
by abusing the civil rights of citizens.
Both instituted martial law in certain areas, and
both suspended the right of habeas corpus, which
requires that person who are arrested be brought
to court to show why they should be held.

The North was a hotbed of discontent about the
war.
Abolitionists were irate over Lincolns slowness
to act on making the end of slavery a goal of the
war.
At the other extreme were the Copperheads, mainly
Democrats, who called for ending the war at any
price, even if that meant welcoming the South and
slavery back into the Union or letting the slave
states leave in peace.

Some Copperheads encouraged Northerners to resist
the war and others openly supported the South.
Many of the measures Lincoln used to quiet
opposition to the war violated constitutional
guarantees of free speech, press, and assembly.
He prevented a state legislature from meeting.

He denied some opposition newspapers the use of
the mails and used the army to shut others down.
And he ordered hundreds of suspected Confederate
sympathizers jailed without the right of habeas
corpus.
He agonized over denying citizens their civil
rights, but believed that the survival of the
nation during an emergency overrode the
Constitution.

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Conscription
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Both North and South were forced to resort to
conscription, or the drafting of men for military
service.
The South, with less than half the population of
the North, began drafting men aged 18 to 35 in
April 1862. Later, as the need to maintain its
armies increased, the Confederate congress raised
the upper age to 50.

In March 1863, the U.S. Congress created a
military draft in the North.
In both North and South a draftee could avoid
military service by hiring a substitute, and a
Union draftee could buy his way out by paying the
government 300.
Such provisions aroused public criticism
everywhere that it was a rich mans war and a
poor mans fight.

To those who enlisted, the North paid a bounty,
or lump sum of money, of as much as 1,500 for a
single three-year enlistment.
This led to the practice of bounty jumping,
whereby a man would enlist, collect his bounty,
and then desert, only to enlist somewhere else.
92 of the approximately 2 million soldiers who
served in the Union Army volunteered.

In the North, opposition to conscription caused a
terrible draft riot in New York City in July,
1863.
Poor immigrant workers in NYC felt it was unfair
that they should have to fight a war to free
slaves who they believed would then move north
and take all the jobs.

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For four days mobs assaulted conscription
offices, factories, docks, and the homes of
prominent Republicans.
But they directed most of their anger at blacks.
By the time federal troops ended the riot, more
than 100 people had died.

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Section III Life During Wartime
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Affect of the War on the Economy
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In the South there was a decline in the
plantation system. The shortage of manpower led
to a shortage of food throughout the war.
The Union blockade led to shortages of other
items, including salt, sugar, coffee, nails,
needles, and medicines.
Some Southerners traded cotton to Northerners for
items that were in short supply.

In the North most industries boomed during the
war.
The armys need for uniforms, shoes, guns, and
other supplies supported woolen mills, steel
foundries, coal mines, and many other industries.
Wheat farmers in the Midwest used machines, such
as the labor saving mechanical reaper, to produce
large supplies of food.

Women in the North and South replaced men on the
farms and in city jobs. Northern women obtained
government jobs for the first time.
In 1863 the U.S. government collected the
nations first income tax, a tax that takes a
specified percentage of the income that an
individual earns.

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Lives of the Soldiers
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Army camp life was hard for both Johnny Reb
(the average Confederate soldier) and Billy
Yank (the average Union soldier).
On average, soldiers spent 50 days in camp for
every day in battle.
Camp life was often unhealthy as well as
unpleasant.
Body lice, dysentary, and diarrhea common.

In fact, disease, infection, and malnutrition
were responsible for more than 65 of troop
deaths during the war.
Army prison camps were terrible. The worst
Confederate camp, at Andersonville, GA, jammed
33,000 men into an area of 26 acres, or about 34
square feet per man.

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About a third of the prisoners died at
Andersonville.
After the war, camp commander Henry Wirz was
executed by the North as a war criminal.
Northern camps were only slightly more humane. It
is estimated that 15 of Union prisoners died,
while 12 of Confederate prisoners died.

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Section IV The North Takes Charge
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Fredericksburg
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After Antietam, McClellan was replaced with
General Ambrose Burnside and the Union army again
tried to take Richmond.
Burnside sent 110,000 across the Rappahannock
River near Fredericksburg, VA.
General Lee and some 75,000 soldiers controlled
the hills above the town.

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General Ambrose Burnside, USA
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Reasoning that Lee would not expect a frontal
attack, General Burnside ordered his men across
the open plain toward the hills on the morning of
Dec. 13.
This was a major blunder by Burnside.
From the high ground, the Confederates could
easily pick off the Union soldiers as they
crossed the open fields.

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As Lees artillery commander told him, A chicken
could not live on that field when we open on it.
The Union army suffered over 12,000 casualties in
the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Confederates
some 5,000.

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Chancellorsville
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Lincoln transferred Burnside and gave command of
the eastern forces to General Joseph Fighting
Joe Hooker.
Outnumbered as usual, Lee broke two rules of good
generalship he divided his forces, and he
attacked a larger army instead of waiting to be
attacked.

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Gen. Joseph Hooker, USA
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Lee sent Stonewall Jackson and his men on a long,
risky march to strike Hooker from behind.
The strategy worked brilliantly.
Lee beat the Union army at Chancellorsville, even
though the Union army was twice the size of his
own.

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Among the many Confederate dead at
Chancellorsville was Stonewall Jackson, who was
wounded by his own men in the confusion and died
a week later.
When Lee heard the news, he exclaimed, He lost
his left arm, but I have lost my right.
The North lost about 17,000 men and gave up its
hopes for a short war.

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Gettysburg
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Following the victory at Chancellorsville, Lee
decided to invade the North again.
Not only would this spare war-weary VA from
further fighting, but it would allow Lee to
resupply and feed his hungry troops as the Union
had done in the South by taking was was needed
from the enemy.

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In early June 1863, Lee crossed into Pennsylvania
with some 75,000 troops.
Lincoln urged Hooker to attack the Confederates
before they could consolidate their troops, which
Hooker failed to do.
Convinced Lincoln had lost confidence in him,
Hooker resigned.

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Lincoln appointed General George Meade commanding
general.
By the end of June the Confederates were near the
town of Gettysburg, PA
When scouts reported that there was a supply of
shoes in the town, the Confederates organized a
raiding party.

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General George Meade, USA
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What the troops did not know was that two Union
brigades had positioned themselves on high ground
northwest of Gettysburg.
As the Confederate raiding party approached
Gettysburg on July 1, it was met by Union fire.

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On the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, the
Confederates pushed the Union line back to
Cemetary Ridge.
The Confederates held Seminary Ridge, a lower
line of hills about a half mile away.
But Lee knew that the fighting was not over as
long as the North held the higher ground.

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On July 2, General Lee attacked the Union left,
trying without success to capture a globe-shaped
hill called Little Round Top.
The next day, he ordered some 15,000 men under
the command of George Pickett to rush the Union
center on Cemetery Ridge (Picketts Charge).
Only half of the Confederate soldiers made it
back.

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The loss of life at Gettysburg was staggering.
After three days of fighting, Union casualties
numbered more than 23,000 Confederate casualties
more than 20,000.
Although the Union army emerged victorious, once
again it failed to end the war while it had the
opportunity.

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On July 4, 1863, Lee retreated back into VA.
Having lost over 1/3 of his men, Lee would never
again be able to take the offensive.
For this reason, the Battle of Gettysburg is
viewed as the turning point of the Civil War.

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In November, 1863, President Lincoln helped to
dedicate a cemetery at the Gettysburg
battlefield.
Lincoln spoke for only a few minutes, but his
Gettysburg Address remains a classic statement of
democratic ideals.
The speech also helped the country realize that
it was not just a collection of individual
states it was a single nation.

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Vicksburg
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While the armies clashed in the East, a Union
army in the West attempted to capture the city of
Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Vicksburg was one of the last Confederate
strongholds preventing the Union from taking
complete control of the Mississippi River.

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Vicksburg seemed safe from attack. Not only was
the city built on hills high above the Miss.
River, but its defenders had built fortifications
along the bank to the north, creating an extended
platform from which they could rain cannon shells
down on Union ships.
Rail lines to the east linked Vicksburg with the
state capital at Jackson 50 miles away.

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General Grant knew that the best way to capture
Vicksburg was to attack from the land side.
But he had not been able to reach that side from
his position north of the city, because Vicksburg
was protected by the swamps and backwaters of the
Yazoo River.

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Grant marched his men around Vicksburg was able
to cut off Vicksburgs supply lines coming from
Jackson.
Once Vicksburgs supply lines were cut, Grants
forces headed toward Vicksburg.
Grant found that he could not take the city by a
direct attack.

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A siege would be necessary a form of prolonged
attack in which a city is surrounded and starved
into submission.
Hour after hour, day after day for 47 days, the
people of Vicksburg endured relentless
bombardment by 300 Union cannon.

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The conflict between the North and South had now
become total war. In this form of war, opponents
strike not only against one anothers soldiers,
but against civilians and the entire economic
system of the enemy.
Food supplies ran so low that people ate dogs and
mules.
A few hardy souls ate fried rats.

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At last some of the starving Confederate soldiers
defending Vicksburg sent their commander a
petition saying, If you cant feed us, you had
better surrender.
On July 3, 1863, the same day as Picketts
Charge, the Confederate commander of Vicksburg
asked Grant for terms of surrender.

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The city fell on the 4th of July.
The Union now completely controlled the
Mississippi River, thus cutting the Confederacy
in half.
Texas and Arkansas, for all practical purposes,
were lost to the Confederacy.
Lincoln placed Grant in command of all Union
troops west of the Appalachians.

133

Grant promptly took charge of the fighting around
Chattanooga, TN, where Confederate advances,
beginning with the Battle of Chickamauga, were
threatening to develop into a major disaster for
the North.

134

Shifting corps commanders and bringing up fresh
units, Grant won another decisive victory at
Chattanooga in November 1863.
This cleared the way for the invasion of Georgia.

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Grant Takes Command
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In March 1864, Lincoln summoned Grant to
Washington, named him lieutenant general, and
gave him supreme command of the armies of the
United States.
While he launched a major offensive against Lee
in VA, William Tecumseh Sherman, who replaced
Grant in the West, looked to drive a diagonal
wedge through the Confederacy from Tennessee
across Georgia.

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Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, USA
139

Grant instructed Sherman to get into the
interior of the enemys country as far as you
can, inflicting all the damage you can against
their war resources.
Grant understood that the North had advantages
over the South in terms of soldiers and supplies.
His strategy was to use these advantages against
the enemy that was reeling from shortages.

140

Grant told Lincoln that he would march on
Richmond, take his losses, and press on.
He knew that the North could sustain casualties
longer than the South could, simply because the
North had more men.
This strategy is called a war of attrition,
fighting on until the enemy runs out of men,
supplies, and will.

141

Starting in May 1864, Grant threw his troops into
battle after battle, the first in a wooded area,
known as the Wilderness, near Fredericksburg, VA.
The fighting was brutal, made even more so by
fire spreading through thick trees.

142

The string of battles continued at Spotsylvania,
Cold Harbor (where Grant lost 7,000 men in one
hour), and finally, Petersburg, which would
remain under siege from the Union army for 10
months.
During the period from May 4 to June 18, 1864,
Grant lost 65,000 men which Grant could replace
to Lees 35,000 which the South could not
replace.

143

Democrats and Southern newspapers called Grant
the Butcher.
However, Grant kept going because he had promised
Lincoln, Whatever happens, there will be no
turning back.

144
Shermans March to the Sea
145

While Grant was working his way toward Richmond,
Sherman moved some 100,000 troops out of
Tennessee toward Atlanta, GA, in early May 1864.
The Confederates fell back , and Sherman entered
Atlanta on Sept. 2, 1864.

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By capturing the city, Sherman had cut the only
Confederate railroad link across the
Appalachians.
Sherman ordered the evacuation of Atlanta and
burned a significant portion of it.
The fall of Atlanta gave a significant boost to
Lincolns reelection campaign.

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Up until then, it appeared as if he may not even
get his partys nomination.
Many Republicans were upset that the war had
dragged on for so long.
Shermans success, however, gave many hope that
the conflict would soon be over.
As a result, Lincoln won a substantial victory in
the election of 1864 against Democrat George
McClellan.

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Lincoln had selected a southern Democrat who had
remained loyal as his new Vice President Andrew
Johnson of Tennessee.
After the burning of Atlanta, Sherman marched
rapidly toward the port city of Savannah, GA.
Cut off from their supply line, Shermans men
stole what supplies they could and destroyed
anything that might be useful to the Confederates.

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They uprooted crops, burned farmhouses,
slaughtered livestock, and tore up railroad
tracks, leaving nearly bare a 60 mile wide path
300 miles long.
Shermans actions left deep scars across the
South.
On Dec. 10, 1864, Sherman and his men reached
Savannah, where they were resupplied by the Union
navy.

157

In February 1865 Sherman and his troops turned
north to link up with Grant and fight a final
battle.
As the army marched through South Carolina in
1865, it inflicted even more destruction than it
had in Georgia.
The army burned almost every house in its path.

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While Lincoln was delivering his second inaugural
address in March 1865, Grant was pressing in on
Richmond and Sherman was marching through the
Carolinas.
Aware that the situation was hopeless, General
Lee advised President Davis that he could no
longer defend Richmond.

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The Confederate government fled south, and Lees
army finally evacuated the city.
On April 4, 1865, Lee and Grant met at a small
village called Appomattox Court House in central
VA.
Grant offered Lee generous terms Southern
soldiers could go home if they pledged not to
fight again.

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The officers would keep their pistols and the men
their horses.
When Lees army came to lay down their arms,
Union troops saluted each division as it
appeared. There was no cheering by the Union
army.
By June 1865, all other Confederate generals had
surrendered.

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Section V The Legacy of the War
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Political Changes
165

After the war, the federal government assumed
supreme national authority and no state
threatened secession again.
The states rights theory would rise again in the
1950s and 1960s during the debate over federal
power to guarantee civil rights to minorities in
the South.

166

The war greatly increased the power of the
federal government.
During the war, the federal government had taxed
private incomes and drafted men into the army.

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Economic Changes
168

Between 1861 and 1865, the federal government did
much to help business.
The federal government encouraged the building of
railroads by giving money and land for
construction.
The government also passed the National Bank Act
of 1865, which set up a system of federally
chartered banks.

169

Many government suppliers grew rich and thus had
money to invest in new businesses after the war
was over.
The economy of the North boomed.
The war devastated the South economically.

170

It not only marked the end of slavery as a labor
system, but it also wrecked most of the regions
industry, wiped out 40 of the livestock,
destroyed much of the Souths farm machinery and
railroads, and left thousands of acres of
uncultivated farmland in weeds.
The economic gap between North and South widened
drastically.

171

Before the war, Southern states held 30 of the
nations wealth in 1870 they held only 12.
The economic disparity between the regions would
not diminish until the 20th century.

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Warfare Changes
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The two deadliest technological improvements were
the rifle and the minie ball.
Rifles were more accurate than old-fashioned
muskets, because grooves inside the barrel forced
the bullet to spin at a great speed, which made
it fly straighter and farther.

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The minie ball was a soft lead bullet that was
more destructive than earlier bullets and
contributed to a higher casualty rate.
Massed assaults on fortified positions became
more difficult.
Nine out of ten infantry assaults failed during
the war.
Horses became much less important in combat.

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Trench warfare, like that used at Petersburg,
gave the defender a great advantage in mass
infantry attacks.
Trench warfare became common in WWI.
Two other modern weapons used in the Civil War
were hand grenades and land mines.

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The ironclad ship was first used during the war.
Even though the battle between the the Norths
Monitor and the Souths Merrimack ended in a
draw, it signaled the end of wooden warships.

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Freedom for the Slaves
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The Congress proposed the Thirteenth Amendment in
early 1865.
By the end of the year, 27 states, including 8
from the South, had ratified it.
The U.S. Constitution now prohibited slavery.

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Assassination of Lincoln
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Just 5 days after Lees surrender, President and
Mrs. Lincoln went to Fords Theatre in
Washington, D.C. to watch a play.
In the middle of the performance, a young actor
named John Wilkes Booth broke into the
presidential box overlooking the stage and shot
the President in the head.
He then leapt down onto the stage and escaped.

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Federal officials immediately began to hunt Booth
down.
They soon learned he was a member of a group of
southern sympathizers who had plotted to murder
all the high officials of the federal government.
Within days, the army had tracked Booth to a barn
in VA he died of wounds he received resisting
arrest.

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Seven other conspirators were caught and hanged.
Lincoln did not die instantly he lingered until
the morning of April 15, 1865, though he never
gained consciousness.
When he perished, the South lost not only its
most powerful opponent, but also the man who
would probably have become its most powerful
friend and protector.

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Lincoln had already begun to insist that the
reunion of the nation after the war should be
based on fairness and mercy, not anger and
vengeance.
In his second inaugural address, Lincoln had said

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With malice toward none, with charity for all
let us strive to finish the work we are in, to
bind up the nations wounds to care for him who
shall have borne the battle, and for his widow,
and his orphan.
Lincoln, too, now became a victim of the war that
had divided the nation.

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Like Lincoln, many of the soldiers on both sides
did not live to return home.
Some 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate
soldiers died of disease, wounds, or poor medical
treatment.
For years, armless and legless veterans were a
common sight on the nations streets and roads.

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