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Title: APES Unit 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems


1
APES Unit 2Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
  • La Cañada High School
  • Living in the Environment by Miller, 11th Edition

2
Chapter 3
  • Matter and Energy Resources

3
Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
  • 3-1 Matter Forms, Structure, and Quality
  • 3-2 Energy Forms and Quality
  • 3-3 Physical and Chemical Changes and the Law
    of Conservation of Matter
  • 3-4 Nuclear Changes
  • 3-5 The Two Ironclad Laws of Energy
  • 3-6 Connections Matter and Energy Laws and
    Environmental Problems

4
MatterForms, Structure, and Quality
  • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
    space.
  • Matter is found in two chemical forms elements
    and compounds.
  • Various elements, compounds, or both can be found
    together in mixtures.

5
Solid, Liquid, and Gas
6
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
  • Atoms The smallest unit of matter that is unique
    to a particular element.
  • Ions Electrically charged atoms or combinations
    of atoms.
  • Molecules Combinations of two or more atoms of
    the same or different elements held together by
    chemical bonds.

7
What are Atoms?
  • The main building blocks of an atom are
    positively charged PROTONS, uncharged NEUTRONS,
    and negatively charged ELECTRONS
  • Each atom has an extremely small center, or
    nucleus, containing protons and neutrons.

8
http//zebu.uoregon.edu/js/ast123/images/atom.jpg
9
Atomic Number and Mass Number.
  • Atomic number
  • The number of protons in the nucleus of each of
    its atoms.
  • Mass number
  • The total number of protons and neutrons in its
    nucleus.

10
  • Elements are organized through the periodic table
    by classifications of metals, nonmetals, and
    metalloids

11
Inorganic Compounds
  • All compounds not Organic
  • Ionic Compounds
  • Sodium chloride (NaCl)
  • Sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
  • Covalent compounds
  • Hydrogen(H2)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
  • Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
  • Ammonia (NH3)

12
Formation of Ionic Compounds
  • Transfer of electrons between the atoms of these
    elements result in drastic changes to the
    elements involved
  • Sodium and chlorine serves as a example
  • Sodium is a rather "soft" metal solid, with a
    silver-gray color
  • Chlorine is greenish colored gas
  • Sodium chloride, commonly called table salt -- a
    white, crystalline, and brittle solid

13
Inorganic Compounds
  • The earths crust is composed of mostly inorganic
    minerals and rock
  • The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable
    resource we use fossil fuels, metallic minerals,
    etc.

Various combinations of only eight elements make
up the bulk of most minerals.
14
Nonmetallic Elements.
  • Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S),
    Hydrogen (H), and Phosphorous (P)
  • Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the
    atoms of all living things

15
Covalent Bonds
  • The individual atoms are atoms of chlorine with
    only their valence electrons shown. 
  • Note that each chlorine atom has only seven
    valence electrons, but really wants eight. 
  • When each chlorine atom shares its unpaired
    electron, both atoms are tricked into thinking
    each has a full valence of eight electrons.
  • Notice that the individual atoms have full
    freedom from each other, but once the bond is
    formed, energy is released, and the new chlorine
    molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single particle.

16
  • A covalent bond is typically formed by two
    non-metals
  • Non-metals have similar electronegativities
  • Neither atom is "strong" enough to steal
    electrons from the other
  • Therefore, the atoms must share the electrons. 

17
Organic Compounds
  • Compounds containing carbon atoms combined with
    each other with atoms of one or more other
    elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
    sulfur, etc.
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Compounds of carbon and hydrogen
  • Chlorofluorocarbons
  • Carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms
  • Simple carbohydrates
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen combinations

18
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons
19
Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome
P450)
20
Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic
Acid (DNA)
21
Earths Crust
22
Matter Quality
  • Matter quality is a measure of how useful a
    matter resource is, based in its availability and
    concentration.
  • High quality matter is organized, concentrated,
    and usually found near the earths crust.
  • Low quality is disorganized, dilute, and has
    little potential for use as a matter resource.

23
Quality Counts
LOW QUALITY
HIGH QUALITY
24
Energy
  • Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer
    heat.

25
Kinetic Energy
  • Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has
    because of its mass and its speed or velocity.
  • It is energy in action or motion.
  • Wind, flowing streams, falling rocks,
    electricity, moving car - all have kinetic energy.

26
Potential Energy
  • Potential energy is stored energy that is
    potential available for use.
  • Potential energy can be changed to kinetic
    energy.

27
Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • The range of electromagnetic waves, which differ
    in wavelength (distance between successive peaks
    or troughs) and energy content.

28
Energy Quality
  • Very High
  • Electricity, Nuclear fission, and Concentrated
    sunlight.
  • High
  • Hydrogen gas, Natural gas, and Coal.
  • Moderate
  • Normal sunlight, and wood.
  • Low
  • Low-temperature heat and dispersed geothermal
    energy.

29
Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
  • In any nuclear change, the total amount of matter
    and energy involved remains the same.
  • E mc2
  • The energy created by the release of the strong
    nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will
    produce enough energy to elevated the temperature
    of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in
    one day by 10,000oC

30
Natural Radioactive Decay
  • Natural radioactive decay is a nuclear change in
    which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast
    moving particles, high energy radiation, or both
    at a fixed rate.

31
Alpha, Beta, Gamma Rays.
32
Nuclear Fission
  • Nuclear fission is a nuclear change in which
    nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass
    numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when
    struck by neutrons, each fission releases two or
    three more neutrons and energy.

33
What is Nuclear Fusion?
  • Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two
    isotopes of light elements, such as hydrogen, are
    forced together at extremely high temperatures
    until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus,
    releasing energy in the process.

34
The First Law of Thermodynamics
  • In all physical can chemical changes, energy is
    neither created nor destroyed, but it may be
    converted from one form to another.

35
The Second Law of Thermodynamics.
  • Physical, chemical, and electrical energy can be
    completely changed into heat.
  • But the reverse (heat into physical energy, for
    example) cannot be fully accomplished without
    outside help or without an inevitable loss of
    energy in the form of irretrievable heat.
  • This does not mean that the energy is destroyed
    it means that it becomes unavailable for
    producing work.

36
High Waste or High-Throughput Societies
  • Most of todays advanced industrialized countries
    are high waste or high throughput societies
  • They attempt to sustain ever-increasing economic
    growth by increasing the throughput of matter and
    energy resources in their economic systems.

37
Matter Recycling Societies
  • A stopgap solution to this problem is to convert
    an unsustainable high-throughput society to a
    matter-recycling society.

38
Low Waste Societies
  • The three scientific laws governing matter and
    energy changes indicate that the best long-term
    solution to our environmental and resource
    problems is to shift from a society based on
    maximizing matter and energy flow to a
    sustainable low waste society.

39
Chapter 4
  • Ecology, Ecosystems, and Food Webs

40
Chapter 4Ecology, Ecosystems, and Food Webs
  • 4-1 Ecology and Life
  • 4-2 Earths Life-Support Systems
  • 4-3 Ecosystem Concept
  • 4-4 Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
  • 4-5 How do Ecologists learn about Ecosystems?
  • 4-6 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability

41
4-1 Ecology and Life
  • Ecology- study of relationships between organisms
    and their environment
  • Ecology examines how organisms interact with
    their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as
    sunlight, temperature, moisture, and vital
    nutrients
  • Biotic interaction among organisms, populations,
    communities, ecosystems, and the ecosphere

42
Distinction between Species
  • Wild species- one that exists as a population of
    individuals in a natural habitat, ideally similar
    to the one in which its ancestors evolved
  • Domesticated species- animals such as cows,
    sheep, food crops, animals in zoos

43
Vocabulary
  • Population- a group of interacting individuals of
    the same species that occupy a specific area at
    the same time
  • Genetic diversity- populations that are dynamic
    groups that change in size, age distribution,
    density, and genetic composition as a result of
    changes in environmental conditions

44
  • Habitat the place where a population or
    individual organism naturally lives
  • Community a complex interacting network of
    plants, animals, and microorganisms
  • Ecosystem community of different species
    interacting with one another and with their
    nonliving environment of matter and energy
  • Ecosphere or Biosphere all of earth's ecosystems

45
What is Life?
  • All life shares a set of basic characteristics
    that enable growth, survival, and reproduction
  • Living organisms are made of cells that have
    highly organized internal structure and functions
  • Living organisms have characteristic types of
    deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in each cell

46
  • Living organisms capture and transform matter and
    energy from their environment to supply their
    needs for survival, growth, and reproduction
  • Living organisms maintain favorable internal
    conditions, despite changes in their external
    environment through homeostasis, if not
    overstressed
  • Living organisms perpetuate themselves through
    reproduction
  • Living organisms adapt to changes in
    environmental conditions through the process of
    evolution

47
4-2 Earths Life-Support Systems
  • The Earth contains
  • several layers or
  • concentric spheres
  • Core- innermost zone, mostly iron, solid inner
    part, surrounded by a liquid core of molten
    material
  • Mantle- surrounded by a thick, solid zone,
    largest zone, rich with iron, silicon, oxygen,
    and magnesium, very hot
  • Crust- outermost and thinnest zone, eight
    elements make up 98.5 of the weight of the
    earths crust
  • Lithosphere- earths crust and upper mantle

48
  • Atmosphere- thin envelope of air around the
    planet
  • Troposphere- extends about 17 kilometers above
    sea level, contains nitrogen (78), oxygen (21),
    and is where weather occurs
  • Stratosphere- 17-48 kilometers above sea level,
    lower portions contains enough ozone (O3) to
    filter out most of the suns ultraviolet radiation

49
  • Hydrosphere- consists of the earths liquid
    water, ice, and water vapor in the atmosphere

50
What Sustains Life on Earth?
  • Life on the earth depends on three interconnected
    factors
  • One-way flow of high-quality energy from the sun
  • Cycling of matter or nutrients (all atoms, ions,
    or molecules needed for survival by living
    organisms), through all parts of the ecosphere
  • Gravity, which allows the planet to hold onto its
    atmosphere and causes the downward movement of
    chemicals in the matter cycles

51
Solar Energy
  • Sun
  • Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
  • Nuclear fusion
  • Sun existed for 6 Billion years. Sun will stay
    for another 6.5 billion years.
  • 72 of solar energy warms the lands
  • 0.023 of solar energy is captured by green
    plants and bacteria
  • Powers the cycling of matter and weather system
  • Distributes heat and fresh water

52
www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/
climch/clichgr1.htm
53
Type of Nutrients
  • Nutrient Any atom ion, or molecule an organism
    needs to live grow or reproduce
  • Ex carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen etc
  • Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in
    large amount
  • Ex phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, iron etc
  • Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in
    small amount
  • Ex zinc, sodium, copper etc

54
BiomesLarge regions characterized by distinct
climate, and specific life-forms
  • Climate
  • long-term weather main factor determining what
    type of life will be in a certain area.

55
Ecosphere Separation
  • The Ecosphere and its ecosystem can be separated
    into two parts
  • Abiotic- nonliving, components
  • Ex air, water, solar energy
  • Physical and chemical factors that influence
    living organisms
  • Biotic- living, components
  • Ex plants and animals

56
Range of Tolerance
  • The existence, abundance, and distribution of a
    species in an ecosystem are determined by the
    levels of one or more physical or chemical
    factors
  • Differences in genetic makeup, health, and age.
  • Ex trout has to live in colder water than bass

57
Limiting Factor Principle
  • Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can
    limit growth of population, even if all the other
    factors are at optimum (favorable) range of
    tolerance.
  • Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
    soil, even if water, nitrogen are in a optimum
    levels, corn will stop growing, after it uses up
    available phosphorus.

58
Dissolved Oxygen Content
  • Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume
    of water at a particular temperature and
    pressure.
  • Limiting factor of aquatic ecosystem

59
Salinity
  • Amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water

60
Living Organisms in Ecosystem
  • 1. Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food
    from compounds obtained from environment.
  • Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert
    sunlight, abiotic nutrients to sugars and other
    complex organic compounds.
  • Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into
    chemical energy.
  • Carbon dioxidewatersolar energy ? glucose
    oxygen

61
  • Producers transform
  • 1-5 of absorbed energy into chemical energy
    (glucose), which is stored in complex
    carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid
    in plant tissue

62
Chemosynthesis-
  • Bacteria can convert simple compounds from their
    environment into more complex nutrient compound
    without sunlight
  • Ex becomes consumed by tubeworms, clams, crabs
  • Bacteria can survive in great amount of heat

63
Consumers or Heterotrophs
  • Obtain energy and nutrient by feeding on other
    organisms or their remains

64
  • 2. Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary
    consumers- they feed directly on producers
  • Deer, goats, rabbits
  • 3. Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary
    consumers-feed only on primary consumer
  • Lion, Tiger
  • 4. Tertiary (higher-level) consumer- feed only on
    other carnivores
  • Wolf
  • 5. Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and
    animals
  • Ex pigs, humans, bears

65
  • 6. Scavengers- feed on dead organisms
  • Vultures, flies, crows, shark
  • 7. Detritivores- live off detritus
  • Detritus parts of dead organisms and wastes of
    living organisms.
  • 8. Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from
    partly decomposed organic matter plant debris,
    and animal dung.
  • 9. Decomposers- Fungi and bacteria that breaks
    down and recycles organic materials from wastes
    of all organisms. Dead organisms waste to
    nutrients
  • Food sources for worms and insects
  • Biodegradable- can be broken down by decomposers

66
Respiration
  • Aerobic respiration- uses oxygen to convert
    organic nutrients back into carbon dioxide and
    water
  • Glucose oxygen ? Carbon dioxide water
    energy
  • Anaerobic respiration or fermentation-form of
    cellular respiration, decomposers get energy they
    need through breakdown of glucose in oxygen

67
  • Decomposers complete the cycle of matter by
    breaking down organic waste, dead animal. Plant
    litter and garbage.
  • Whether dead or alive organisms are potential
    (standard) sources of food for other organisms.
  • Food Chain-Series of organisms in which each eats
    or decomposes the preceding one

68
Second Law of Energy
  • Organisms need high quality chemical energy to
    move, grow and reproduce, and this energy is
    converted into low-quality heat that flows into
    environment
  • Trophic levels or feeding levels
  • Producer is a first trophic level
  • primary consumer is second trophic level
  • secondary consumer is third
  • Decomposers process detritus from all trophic
    levels.

69
  • Food web-complex network of interconnected food
    chains.
  • Food web and chains are one-way flow of energy
    and cycling of nutrients through ecosystem.

70
Food Webs
  • Grazing food webs energy and nutrients move from
    plants to herbivores, then through an array of
    carnivores, and eventually to decomposers
  • Detrital food webs organic waste material or
    detritus is the major food source, and energy
    flows mainly from producers (plants) to
    decomposers and detritivores.

71
Biomass
  • Dry weight of all organic matter contained in
    organisms.
  • Biomass is measured in dry weight because water
    is not a nutrient or a source of energy
  • Ex biomass of first trophic levels are dry mass
    of all producers
  • On successive trophic level, biomass is neither
    eaten, digested, nor absorbed it simple goes
    through the intestinal tract of consumer and is
    expelled as fecal waste.
  • Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
    5-20

72
  • Pyramid of Energy Flow
  • More steps or trophic levels in food chain or
    web, greater loss of usable energy as energy
    flows through trophic levels
  • More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more
    energy is consumed after each one. Thats why
    food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps

73
  • Pyramid of biomass- storage of biomass at various
    trophic levels of ecosystem
  • NOTE After every trophic level less and less
    energy is transferred
  • Producer gets the most amount of energy, thats
    why there is a lot of producers, herbivores
    consume producers however they need to consume
    they get less energy then producers by consuming
    them
  • Carnivores get much less energy than herbivores,
    thats why there are more herbivores than
    carnivores, and carnivores

74
Pyramid of Numbers
  • Number of organisms at each trophic level

75
  • Gross primary productivity (GPP)- rate in which
    producers convert solar energy into chemical
    energy as biomass in a given amount of time

76
  • Net primary productivity (NPP)- Rate in which
    energy for use by consumers is stored in new
    biomass.
  • Measured in kilocalories per square meter per
    year or grams in biomass
  • NPP is limit determining the planets carrying
    capacity for all species.
  • 59 of NPP occurs in land / 41 occurs in ocean

77
Ecological Efficiency
  • Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic
    level to another.
  • 10 ecological efficiency
  • green plants transfer 10,000 units of energy from
    sun
  • only about 1000 energy will be available for
    herbivores
  • 100 units for primary consumer
  • 10 units for secondary consumer

78
Ways to unravel workings of ecosystem
  • Field research- going into nature and observing
    ecosystem
  • Laboratory research- observe and making
    measurements under laboratory condition
  • System analysis- view ecosystem and study their
    structure and functions (1960s)

79
FIELD RESEARCH
  • Going into nature and observing/measuring the
    structure of ecosystems
  • Majority of what we know now comes from this type
  • Disadvantage is that it is expensive,
    time-consuming, and difficult to carry out
    experiments due to many variables

80
LABORATORY RESEARCH
  • Set up, observation, and measurement of model
    ecosystems under laboratory conditions
  • Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick
    and cheap
  • Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether
    or not result in a laboratory will be the same as
    a result in a complex, natural ecosystem

81
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
  • Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real
    ecosystem
  • Helps understand large and very complicated
    systems

82
Why is the Ecosystem important?
  • Ecosystem services natural services or earth
    capital that support life on the earth and are
    essential to the quality of human life and to the
    functioning of the worlds economies
  • Ecosystem services include
  • Controlling and moderating climate
  • Providing and renewing air, water, soil
  • Recycling vital nutrients through chemical cycling

83
Why is the Ecosystem important?
  • Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
    sources and nonrenewable minerals
  • Furnishing people with food, fiber, medicines,
    timber, and paper
  • Pollinating crops and other plant species
  • Absorbing, diluting, and detoxifying many
    pollutants and toxic chemicals
  • Helping control populations of pests and disease
    organisms
  • Slowing erosion and preventing flooding
  • Providing biodiversity of genes and species

84
Why Is Biodiversity So Important?
  • Biodiversity is the variety of different species,
    genetic variability among individuals within each
    species, and variety of ecosystems
  • Gives us food, wood, fibers, energy, raw
    materials, industrial chemicals, medicines, and
    provides for billions of dollars in the global
    economy

85
Why Is Biodiversity So Important?
  • Provides recycling, purification, and natural
    pest control
  • Represents the millions of years of adaptation,
    and is raw material for future adaptations

86
What are the two principles of ecosystem
sustainability?
  • Use renewable solar energy as energy source
  • Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for
    survival, growth, and reproduction

87
Chapter 5
  • Nutrient Cycles and Soils

88
Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
  • Nutrient cycles or Biogeochemical cycles, involve
    natural processes that recycle nutrients in
    various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from
    the nonliving environment to living organisms and
    back to non living environment again.

89
Major Types of Nutrient Cycles
  • Hydrologic
  • Water in the form of ice, liquid water, and water
    vapor cycles
  • Operates local, regional, and global levels
  • Atmospheric
  • Large portion of a given element (i.e. Nitrogen
    gas) exists in gaseous form in the atmosphere
  • Operates local, regional, and global levels
  • Sedimentary
  • The element does not have a gaseous phase or its
    gaseous compounds dont make up a significant
    portion of its supply
  • Operates local and regional basis

90
Nutrient Cycling Ecosystem Sustainability
  • Self Contained
  • Energy flow and nutrient cycling seem to imply
    that ecosystems are virtually self-sustaining,
    closed systems, at the ecosphere level
  • As long as they are not disturbed by human
    activates such as clearing
  • Forest can have a minimal lost
  • Nutrients lost form one ecosystem must enter one
    or more other ecosystems

91
Nutrient Cycling Ecosystem Sustainability
  • Nutrient Cycling and Sustainability
  • Given time natural ecosystems ten to come into a
    balance, wherein nutrients are recycled with
    reasonable effici3ency
  • Humans are accelerating rates of the flow of
    mater, causing nutrient loss from soils
  • Scientist warn that this doubling of normal flow
    of nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle is a serious
    global problem that contributes to global
    warming, ozone depletion, air pollution, and loss
    of biodiversity
  • Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human
    actives
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