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School-age children development ages 6 to 12 years old.

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School-age children development ages 6 to 12 years old. * * Maturation of systems Healthiest years of childhood. Gastrointestinal is reflected in fewer stomach upsets ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: School-age children development ages 6 to 12 years old.


1
School-age children development ages 6 to 12
years old.
2
Maturation of systems
  • Healthiest years of childhood.
  • Gastrointestinal is reflected in fewer stomach
    upsets, better maintenance of blood sugar levels
    and an increases stomach capacity.
  • Caloric needs are less than they were in the
    preschool years and less than they will be during
    the coming adolescent growth spurt.
  • Bladder capacity generally greater in girls than
    in boys, there are individual variations in
    frequency of urination and differences in the
    same child according to circumstances such as
    temperature, humidity, time of day, amount of
    fluids ingested, and emotional state.

3
  • The immune system become more competent in its
    ability to localize infections and to produce an
    antibody-antigen response (levels of IgG IgA
    antibodies increase reach adults level).
  • The heart grows more slowly during the middle
    years and is smaller in relation to the rest of
    the body than at any other period of life
    (Innocent heart murmurs may be heard due to the
    changing size of the heart in reference to the
    thorax).

4
  • Physiologic splitting of heart sounds may be
    present for the first time (pulmonary valve tend
    to close slightly later than the aortic valve
    (lub d-dub), usually associated with
    inspiration).
  • At 6 year-old frontal sinuses are developed
    increases the possibility of sinus headache.
  • Brain growth is complete by age of 10 years as a
    result fine motor coordination becomes refined.

5
Preadolescence
  • The period that begins toward the end of middle
    childhood and ends with the thirteenth birthday.
  • There is no universal age at which children
    assume the characteristics of preadolescence.
  • The first physiologic signs begin to appear of
    about 9 years (particularly in girls) and are
    usually clearly evident in 11-12 years-old
    children.
  • Either early or late appearance of these
    characteristics is a source of embarrassment to
    both sexes.

6
Physical Development
  • School-age children typically exhibit fairly
    smooth and strong motor skills. However, they
    vary widely in coordination (especially
    eye-hand), balance, and physical tolerance.
  • Gender differences in gross motor skills
    become increasingly pronounced with boys
    outperforming girls (ride a bike, swim, ice
    skate, skip a rope)

7
  • Fine motor skills may also vary widely and
    influence a child's ability to write neatly,
    dress appropriately, and perform certain tasks,
    such as making beds or doing dishes.
  • Other fine motor skills such as typing at
    computer keyboard, drawing detailed pictures.

8
  • There will be significant differences in height,
    weight, and build among children of this age
    range. It is important to remember that genetic
    background, as well as nutrition and exercise,
    may influence growth.
  • A great deal of variance also occurs with the age
    at which children begin to develop secondary
    sexual characteristics

9
  • Weight increased by 2 3 kg/year.
  • Height 2.5-5 cm/year.
  • Average 6 year-old Wt. is 21 kg.
  • Average 6 year-old Ht. is 116 cm.
  • Average 12 year-old Wt. is 40 kg.
  • Average 12 year-old Ht. is 150 cm.
  • Pulse rate decrease to 70-80bpm.
  • Blood pressure increased to 112/60 mm Hg.
  • Respiration is 20-25 breath/ min.

10
Teeth
  • Age of loose tooth deciduous teeth are gradually
    lost and permanent teeth erupt around age of 6
    years.
  • Average child gains 28 teeth between 6 and 12
    years.
  • Regular dental visits.
  • Regular brushing.
  • Malocclusion and dental caries are common.

11
  • Sleep
  • Younger school age 10-12 hr/d
  • Older school age 8-10 hr/d
  • Nighttimes terrors may continue

12
Play
  • As children enter the school years, their play
    takes on new dimensions that reflect a new stage
    of development. Not only does play involves
    increased physical skill, intellectual ability,
    and fantasy, but also as children form groups,
    they begin to evolve a sense of belonging to a
    team or club.
  • The games they play have fixed and unvarying
    rules that may be bizarre and extraordinarily
    rigid.

13
  • Sticker Riot Rules
  • Keep club a secret.
  • Must come to as many meetings as possible.
  • Must bring sticker to every meeting
  • When in another house for meetings do not come in
    house unless told.
  • When at house dont touch or eat anything unless
    told.
  • If you dont come to a meeting you must make up
    the meeting at someones house.
  • If you miss a meeting you can bet that the other
    members are still going to have the meeting.

14
  • They also enjoy many quit and solitary activities
    such as collections.
  • The newly acquired skill of reading becomes
    increasingly satisfying.
  • Enjoy challenging play video/computer games.
  • Around 7 years of age, imagination is declined.
  • Helping in kitchen with jobs (making salad).

15
Fears
  • Most of the new fears that trouble
    them are related to school and
    family (e.g., fear of failing, fear of
    teachers, bullies and bullying, and fear of
    something bad happening to their parents).
  • Excessive worry about past behavior.
  • Fear of kidnapping, death.

16
Language Development
  • Early school-age children should be able to
    consistently use simple, but structurally
    complete, sentences that average 5 to 7 words. As
    the child progresses through the elementary
    years, grammar and pronunciation becomes normal.
    Children use more complex sentences as they grow.
  • Language delays may be due to hearing problems or
    intelligence deficits. In addition, children who
    are unable to express themselves adequately may
    be more prone to exhibiting aggressive behavior
    or temper tantrums.

17
Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
  • Industry vs inferiority the stage of
    accomplishment (how to do things well)
  • School-age children are willing to build skills
    and participate in meaningful and socially useful
    work.
  • Interests expand, and with a growing sense of
    independence, children want to engage in tasks
    that can be carried through to completion.
  • Failure to develop a sense of accomplishment may
    result in a sense of inferiority

18
  • Many aspect of industry contribute to the childs
    sense of competence and mastery
  • Intrinsic motivation associated with increased
    competence in mastering new skills and assuming
    new responsibilities
  • Extrinsic sources of reinforcement in the form of
    grades, material rewards, additional privileges,
    and recognition provide encouragement and
    stimulation

19
Characteristics of Concrete Operational Thought
(Piaget)
  • Ages 7 11 years.
  • Conservation has developed.
  • Classification and categorization have developed.
  • Ability to resolve contradictions.
  • Comprehension of past, present, and future.
  • Understanding of reversibility child has control
    and flexibility.
  • Using the alphabet for organization.
  • Ability to verbalize directions.
  • Ability to transpose (i.e., see things from
    anothers viewpoint).
  • Comprehension of relational terms.
  • Can use simple logic.
  • humor

20
Behavior
  • Frequent physical complaints (such as sore
    throats, tummy aches, arm/leg pain) may simply be
    due to a child's enhanced body awareness.
  • Although frequently no physical evidence for such
    complaints can be found, the complaints need to
    be investigated, both to rule out substantial
    conditions and to assure the child that the
    parent is concerned about his or her well-being
    (maintaining trust).

21
  • Peer acceptance becomes increasingly important
    during the school-age years. Behaviors that are
    important to be part of the group need to be
    negotiated with parents to allow the child to
    have some conformity and group standing without
    crossing beyond the boundaries of acceptable
    behavior within the family's standards.

22
  • Friendships at this age tend to be primarily with
    members of the same sex. In fact, early
    school-age children typically talk about how
    "strange" or "awful" members of the opposite sex
    are. This lack of appreciation of the opposite
    sex steadily diminishes as the child approaches
    adolescence.

23
  • Lying, cheating, or stealing are all examples of
    behaviors that school-age children may "try on"
    in learning how to negotiate the many
    expectations and rules placed upon them by
    family, friends, the school, and society in
    general.

24
Nutrition
  • Good appetites
  • Educate about healthy foods and
    balanced diet
  • Fostering industry by planning meals
  • Require more iron, fluoride calcium teething ,
    pre-puberty
  • Obesity may occur (junk foods)

25
  • Promoting school safety
  • More accidents as a result of being independent
  • Can follow instructions
  • Bicycle safety use helmet
  • Drugs, tobacco use

26
Common Health Problems
  • Enuresis.
  • Dental caries.
  • Attention Defect Disorder (ADD)/Attention Defect
    Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
  • Malocclusion

27
Malocclusion
  • good jaw alignment is necessary for optimum teeth
    formation, health of supporting tissues, optimum
    speech development pleasant appearance.
  • May be congenital and related to conditions such
    as cleft palate, small lower jaw or familial.
  • May result from constant mouth breathing

28
(No Transcript)
29
Treatment
Braces are needed
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