Chapter 4. Ground Level Air Chemistry and Air Pollution

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??? ?????????????
Chapter 4. Ground Level Air Chemistry and Air
Pollution
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? 1. ?????????????
1.1 ???????
???????493.8 kJ/mol,????240 nm??????????O2????
? lt 240 nm
O2 hv O O
?4-1. O2????
3
? 1. ?????????????
N2?????,?939.4kJ/mol,??????127nm?
??????(?????) ? ltlt 120 nm
N2 hv
N N
1.2 ??????
??1000 km????,????
O O2 M
O3 M
????1180 nm?????????,?????290
nm????,?????????????????
? lt 290 nm
O3 hv O O2
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? 1. ?????????????
2 1 0 -1 -2
Absorption spectrum of O3
lge
300 400 500 600
700
?(nm)
?4-2. O3???? (R. A. Bailey, 1978)
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? 1. ?????????????
80 60 40 20
e
(mPa-1 cm-1)
350 400 450
?(nm)
?4-3. NO2????(R. A. Bailey, 1978)
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? 1. ?????????????
1.3 NO2????
NO2????300.5 kJ/mol,?????????????,?290-410
nm????
???????????O3??????
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? 1. ?????????????
1.4 ??????????
????
????
????
????
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? 1. ?????????????
1.5 SO2????
SO2????545.1 kJ/mol?
1.6 ?????
????
H-CHO????356.5 kJ/mol?
????
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? 1. ?????????????
?????,???????
????????HO2????????
Troposphere, Stratosphere
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? 1. ?????????????
1.7 ???????
halogenated hydrocarbons chlorinated brominated fl
uorinated 5flu()Erineit iodized,
5aiEdaiz iodizated, 5aiEdaiz
???????
??
???C-X???? ???????,????????? ??????????
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? 2. ?????
2.1 ?????
Photochemical Smog
?????????????????????,????????????????????
?,????????????????????????????,???????? ????????
O3???PAN(??????? )?H2O2 ?????
?????(1940?)??????????????????????????
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? 2. ?????
?????? ???? (1) ????????????
(2) ??????
(3) ??????
2.2 ????

1. ?????????,????,?????????
2. ????????

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? 2. ?????
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
????
?????
?
NO2
(mL/m3)
NO
O3
000 400 800 1200 1600
2000
??
?4-4. ??????????(S. E. Manahan, 1984)
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? 2. ?????
?4-5. ??-Nox-????????????????????(Pitts, 1975)
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? 2. ?????
3. ????(??)
? NO2?????O3???
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? 2. ?????
3. ????(??)

• ?????(??)????????????HO, HO2, RO2?

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? 2. ?????
? ???????????????NO?NO2???
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? 2. ?????
????
???????
????
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? 2. ?????
HO??????
?????
?????
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? 2. ?????

1. PAN?????O2????
2. ??????????
3. ??????????????

PAN????????
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? 3. ???????????????
3.1 ??
????
????????? (0.5-6)?60??(0.5-3)?30
???? ????,10
3.2 SO2?????
1. ?????
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? 3. ???????????????
2. SO2??????
SO2?HO???
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? 3. ???????????????
SO2?????????
??????????????????,????????????????????????SO2???
????SO2???????????????????????
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? 3. ???????????????
?4-1. ??????????????
? ? ???

???? ? ? ????(1873?),???????
????(1946?),??????? ? ? ? ????SO2?????
??????Nox?O3?PAN???? ? ?
?
???????? ???? ?
? ?
??? ?
? ?(4???)
?(24???) ? ?
?
? ? ?
?
? ????
?
? ????
??????
?? ? ? ?????????,
?????????????? O3????
?????????
????????,?????????   ????????,1993?
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? 4. ????
??????????,????????????????????????????
??? (????)
???
??? ??????????????????????????

• 20??50??,???R. A. Smith??????????
• ????pH??5.6???????????????,pH ??5.0??????????????
  ???????
• ? ?????????????(SO42-)?

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? 4. ????
Acid Deposition ???
Acid Rain Fog Dew Snow Sleet ???
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? 4. ????
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? 4. ????
4.1 ???pH
?????????,????????????????CO2,????CO2?????
???pH???,??CO2???????330 mL/m3??????,???????pH????
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? 4. ????
?????
?????,?pH5.6????,???????????????????pH???????,???
?pH??????,???,????pH5.0????????
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? 4. ????
?????
?????????,????????????????????????? ????,?????????
????? Q
ZCV ??Q ????,Z??????,C???????,V??????
??????????,???????????????,???????????????????????
????
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? 4. ????
??????????? NH4 2.010-6 mol/L, Cl-
6.010-6 mol/L Na 3.010-6 mol/L,
NO3- 2.310-5 mol/L SO42- 2.810-5
mol/L, ??????pH???? A. 3    B. 4    C. 5    D. 6
???????,????????Na?NH4???????????????????,?????
?????????,????????,?H,????   H Cl-
NO3- 2SO42- NH4 Na  
6.010-6mol/L 2.310-5mol/L 22.810-5mol/L
-2.010-6 mol/L - 3.010-6mol/L 810-5
mol/L ??????pH -lg(810-5) 5-lg8 5 - 0.9
4
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? 4. ????
4.2 ???????
????????????????????
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? 4. ????
??????????????
?????????????SO42-, Ca2, NH4
4.3 ?????????
(1) ????????????? (2)
???????????? (3) ?????????? (4)
??????
????SO2?? ????
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? 4. ????
1. ?????????????1/3,???SO2????????2?? 2.
?????????? 3. ???????
8 6 4 2 0
??
??H (µmol/L )
??
??
??
0 2 4 6
8 10
??H (µmol/L )
?4-6. ?????????????????????
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? 5. ?????????
????????(???????????)
100
??
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52
25
??????????????
24
9
24
.
???
.
.
.
.
15
??
.
.
.
.
10
.
9
??
6
17
??????
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4
?4-7. ??????????????????
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? 5. ?????????
???????????????
???????????????????,???????????????
??????????
??
????? ????
??? ??????????????
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? 5. ?????????
5.1 ???????
????CO2?CH4????????????1200-1630
nm?????,?????????????????????????????????????,????
???????????,????????????????????,??,??????????????
?,?????????????,??????????,?????????,???????????
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? 5. ?????????
340 330 320 310
CO2 (mL/m3)
1960 1965 1970 1975
1980 1985 ?
?4-8. Mauns Loa ??????????CO2????? (???,1990)
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? 5. ?????????
?4-2. ????????????
? ? ?????(µL/m3)
??????() ????
344 000
0.4 ? ? 1 650

1.0 ???? 304
0.25
???? 0.13
7.0 ?
? ??
CFC 11
0.23
5.0 CFC 12
0.4
5.0 ????
0.125
1.0 ?????????,1990?
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? 5. ?????????
Percentage of Tropospheric Warning (Hansen et
al., 1989)
Figue 4-9. Relative importance of the five most
important greenhouse gases
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? 6. ?????
6.1 ????????
??????????????????????????????,????????
?????????????????????
??? ???
????
?????
??????????
??
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? 6. ?????
????????
??????????????????????????????????????
????
?????????(Fly Ash)??????
????
?????????????? ???????????????????????????????
?????????
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? 6. ?????
?? dust,powder
smog ???? n. ??
smoke n.??? vi.??
mist ???? n. (1) ?? We could not see
through the mist. ?????????? (2) ???????
the mist of her tears
?????,???? (3)?????????
ash n. ???,??
soot ?u? n. ?????
fog n. ?, ??, ?? ??, ?? (???????)??, ?? London
has bad fogs in winter. ?????????
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? 6. ?????
6.2 ??????????? ????(??)???
????????? ???????(Dp)??????????????
?????1??????
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? 6. ?????
6.2 ????????
1. ?????????????????????????????????,????????????
TSP????????100 µm??,??10 µm??????? 2.
????????????????????????????10 µm????? 3.
???????????????????????????????10
µm??????????????????????????????? 4.
????????????????????????????????(ISO)??????Dp10
µm?????????????????
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? 6. ?????
Particulate matter (PM) is the general term used
for a mixture of solid particles and liquid
droplets found in the air. Some particles are
large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke.
Others are so small they can be detected only
with an electron microscope. These particles,
which come in a wide range of sizes ("fine"
particles are less than 2.5 micrometers in
diameter and coarser-size particles are larger
than 2.5 micrometers), originate from many
different stationary and mobile sources as well
as from natural sources. Fine particles (PM-2.5)
result from fuel combustion, motor vehicles,
power generation, and industrial facilities, as
well as from residential fireplaces and wood
stoves.
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? 6. ?????
Health and Environmental Effects
ashma ????? n.(?)??
Inhalable PM includes both fine and coarse
particles. These particles can accumulate in the
respiratory system and are associated with
numerous health effects. Exposure to coarse
particles is primarily associated with the
aggravation of respiratory conditions, such as
asthma. Fine particles are most closely
associated with such health effects as increased
hospital admissions and emergency room visits for
heart and lung disease, increased respiratory
symptoms and
symptom ???????? n.(?)(?)??,??
respiratory ????????????? adj.???
aggravation ???????????? n.??(??) ??????
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? 6. ?????
disease, decreased lung function, and even
premature death. Sensitive groups that appear to
be at greatest risk to such effects include the
elderly, individuals with cardiopulmonary
disease, such as asthma, and children. In
addition to health problems, PM is the major
cause of reduced visibility in many parts of the
United States. Airborne particles also can cause
damage to paints and building materials.
In 1984, US-EPA, TSP, PM10 Air standard for
PM10 150 µg/m3
cardiopulmonary ?????????????????? adj.(?)???
http//www.epa.gov/air/aqtrnd97/brochure/pm10.html
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? ?????
1. ???????????????? 2. ????????????? 3.
?????????????? 4. ?????????????????????????pH????
5. ??????????????????? 6. ??????????????