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Title: SLA and FLT in Chinese Context -- Studies of Interlanguage Fossilization: A Case in Point ???????????????? --????????????


1
SLA and FLT in Chinese Context -- Studies of
Interlanguage Fossilization A Case in Point
????????????????--????????????
  • ??????????????????????
  • ?????
  • ???????

2
Overview
  • Spread of English
  • ELT in China
  • Developments
  • Problems
  • Measures
  • Studies of SLA in last 20 years
  • A case in point studies of Interlanguage
    fossilization

3
Spread of English
  • Englishinternational/global/ multi-national/multi
    cultural/dominant language
  • Report by Swedish Academy of Social Sciences
  • --NSE - 400 million
  • --ESL users -300 million
  • --EFL users -1.5 billion
  • TEFL 1000 million receiving formal instruction
  • Varieties of English BE, AmE, NE
  • New varieties of English SE, IE
  • Local variety of English in daily use
  • Utilitarian English
  • Offered as an official course in universities

4
ELT in China
  • ????????,????
  • ????????????
  • ??????
  • ????????
  • ?????
  • ??????

5
1.????????, ????/??????
  • Statement of Gorden Brown Within the next 10-15
    years, the number of Chinese who can speak fluent
    English will exceed the total number of the
    native speakers of English.
  • ???(2007)2400????????
  • Report by BC 300 million Chinese learning
    English at different levels
  • Chinglish vs China English qipao, hutong,
    fengshui, doufu etc.
  • China English officially accepted
  • ESL or EFL in China?

6
2.???????/???????? ?
  • 2000???????????
  • 2003????????
  • 2004???????????
  • 2005????????????
  • Immersion program
  • Maintenance bilingual education
  • Transitional bilingual education
  • 2007?????????????????????????

7
3.???????????
  • ????900??,??600?????????
  • ????TEM4,TEM8????
  • ???????200??
  • ???????????
  • ??How to ensure the overall quality of ELT?

8
4. ????????
  • ??????????????
  • ????????????????
  • 145
  • ????????????,??????????
  • ?????????????????????
  • ????????????

9
5. ??????(1)
  • ??????????21????????????? (1998)
  • ????????? (2000)
  • ????????????
  • ?????????? (2003)
  • ????????????(2003),?? TEM4, TEM8????(2004)

10
5. ??????(2)
  • ???????????(2000-2005)
  • ??????????
  • ????????????,WTO???????,??????????
  • ????????????(2006??)
  • ????????????????
  • ????????????
  • ????????????????

11
5. ??????(3)
  • ??????????????
  • ???????????
  • ?????????????
  • ?2006??,??????,?????????
  • ?2008??,????????,???????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ????????9??????????????(2007-2008)
  • ????????????????????????????????,??4?????(2008)
  • ??????(?????????)????????????? (2008)

12
? ???????????,????????
  • ??
  • ????
  • ????
  • ??????????

13
??
  • ???????????
  • ?????????????
  • ?????

14
??????????????
  • ??????????????(??)(??????)???????2002????????
    ??????????????2003??????2003??????????????,?????
    ?????11?????????,??????????????????

15
1 ?????????
  • ???????????
  • Stern (1983)??????????

16
2 ???????
  • ??????
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  • ????
  • ???????
  • ????

17
1) ????
  • ?????
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  • ??????????????????????

18
2) ????
  • ?????
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  • ???????????

19
3) ????
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20
4) ???????
  • ?????
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21
5) ????
  • ????
  • ??????????????????????????
  • ????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????
  • ???????(????????????????)??????????,????????????(
    ??????????)????????????????3???????????????????

22
(?) ????
  • ??????
  • ?????????????????????????
  • ???????(????)???????????
  • ???????????????????,?????????????
  • ?????????????????????????
  • ?????????????
  • ????????,??????

23
1 ????????????????
  • ????????????????
  • ?????????????
  • ????????????
  • ??????????
  • ????????????
  • ?????????????
  • ?????????????

24
2 ?????
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25
????,??????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????,
    ???????????????,???????????????

26
???????????????????
  • ???
  • ???????????????????????,?????????????????????
    ?????????????????,???????????????
  • ???
  • ???????????????????????
  • ???
  • ????????????,???????????
  • ???
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27
????????????
  • ???????????????????
  • ????????(VS??????)
  • ???????????????????????????????
  • ????????,?????????????????????
  • ????????Dip. TESL

28
  • 5. ??????????
  • 6. ??????????,????/????????
  • 7. ??????
  • a)????????
  • b) ??????????????,?????????????????

29
  • 8. ?????????????????
  • 9. ????????????????????????????
  • 10. ???????,??????????

30
Studies of SLA in last 20 yearsachievements and
problems
  • Main focus applications of SLA research findings
    to ELT in Chinese context
  • Studies of fossilization a case in point
  • Interlanguage a language which is between the
    native language and the target language(Longman).
  • Interlanguage the mental grammar that a learner
    constructs at a specific time in the learning
    process (Selinker)
  • Selinker few people can ever achieve native-like
    competence

31
Some factors affecting the interlanguage system
  • Language transferfossilized items, rules,
    subsystems which occur in the interlanguage as a
    result of transfer from the native language.
  • Transfer of training items resulting from
    particular approaches used in training
  • Strategies of second language communication
    identifiable approaches by the learner to
    communicate with native speakers of the target
    language.
  • Overgeneralization of target language linguistic
    material overgeneralization of target language
    rules and semantic features .

32
Central premises of IL(I)
  • A learners interlanguage consists primarily of
    implicit linguistic knowledge.
  • A learners interlanguage knowledge constitutes a
    system in the same sense that a native speakers
    grammar is a system.
  • A learners interlanguage is permeable.
  • A learners interlanguage is transitional.
  • A learners interlanguage is variable. At any one
    stage of development the learner will employ
    different forms for the same grammatical
    structure.

33
Central premises of IL(II)
  • A learners interlanguage is the product of
    general learning strategies, like L1 transfer,
    intralingual strategies ( e.g. overgeneralization
    and simplification).
  • A learner may supplement his/her interlanguage by
    means of communication strategies (e.g.
    paraphrase or request for assistance).
  • A learners interlanguage may fossilize.

34
Fossilization definition 1
  • ( in second or foreign language) a process
    which sometimes occurs in which incorrect
    linguistic features become a permanent part of
    the way a person speaks or writes a language.
    Aspects of pronunciations, vocabulary usage and
    grammar may become fixed or fossilized in second
    or foreign language learning. Fossilized features
    of pronunciation contributes to a persons
    foreign accent. (Longman Dictionary)
  • (Note that according to Professor Zhaohong Han
    fossilization happens in second language learning
    only, probably, as suggested by Professor Han,
    stabilization, not fossilization, happens in
    foreign language learning. )

35
Fossilization definition 2
  • ???????????????????????????????,?????????,???????
    ?????????????????????????????????????,???????????,
    ???????????? (Selinker, 199431)????????????????
    ??,???????? (Selinker, 199435)

36
Types of Fossilization
  • Individual fossilization vs group fossilization
  • B. Temporary fossilization vs permanent
    fossilization

37
Causes of interlanguage fossilization
  • Selinker
  • language transfer
  • Transfer of improper training
  • Strategies of second language learning
  • Strategies of second language communication
  • Overgeneralization of IL rules

38
Causes of interlanguage fossilization
  • B. Ellis internal and external factors
  • External
  • ??????(lack of learning opportunities)
  • ????( pressure of communication)
  • ?????????????(?????)(nature of feedback)
  • Internal
  • ???(???)(sensitive period)
  • ????(acculturation)

39
Causes of interlanguage fossilization
  • C. Skill learning
  • psychologically speaking plateau ( ???)
  • In terms of language proficiency climax(???)

40
?????????????????
  • ???????????(affect)???????????
  • ??????
  • ???????????
  • ?????????(optimal input automatization
    desired output)
  • ???????? ????????(??????????????,???????????????,?
    ???????????????,?????????????????)
  • ??????????,??defossilization/destabilization????,?
    salience?noticing ? tallying
  • ??????????????????
  • (???????????????????????)

41
???
  • Even though there are a few scholars who
    endeavor to handle the problem from a variety of
    perspectives and different theoretical arguments.
    fossilization remains an unsolved riddle and its
    characteristics or nature is still uncertain (in
    spite of the fact that persistence and resistance
    are seen to be the main characteristics of
    fossilization ). Particularly, the three
    questions advanced by Selinker and Lamendella are
    still unsettled
  • 1. Why does fossilization happen?
  • 2. When and how does it happen?
  • 3. Can it be reversed or is it permanent?

42
????!
  • Thanks!
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