Title: SLA and FLT in Chinese Context -- Studies of Interlanguage Fossilization: A Case in Point ???????????????? --????????????
1SLA and FLT in Chinese Context -- Studies of
Interlanguage Fossilization A Case in Point
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2Overview
- Spread of English
- ELT in China
- Developments
- Problems
- Measures
- Studies of SLA in last 20 years
- A case in point studies of Interlanguage
fossilization
3Spread of English
- Englishinternational/global/ multi-national/multi
cultural/dominant language - Report by Swedish Academy of Social Sciences
- --NSE - 400 million
- --ESL users -300 million
- --EFL users -1.5 billion
- TEFL 1000 million receiving formal instruction
- Varieties of English BE, AmE, NE
- New varieties of English SE, IE
- Local variety of English in daily use
- Utilitarian English
- Offered as an official course in universities
4ELT in China
- ????????,????
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- ??????
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- ?????
- ??????
5 1.????????, ????/??????
- Statement of Gorden Brown Within the next 10-15
years, the number of Chinese who can speak fluent
English will exceed the total number of the
native speakers of English. - ???(2007)2400????????
- Report by BC 300 million Chinese learning
English at different levels - Chinglish vs China English qipao, hutong,
fengshui, doufu etc. - China English officially accepted
- ESL or EFL in China?
62.???????/???????? ?
- 2000???????????
- 2003????????
- 2004???????????
- 2005????????????
- Immersion program
- Maintenance bilingual education
- Transitional bilingual education
- 2007?????????????????????????
73.???????????
- ????900??,??600?????????
- ????TEM4,TEM8????
- ???????200??
- ???????????
- ??How to ensure the overall quality of ELT?
84. ????????
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- 145
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95. ??????(1)
- ??????????21????????????? (1998)
- ????????? (2000)
- ????????????
- ?????????? (2003)
- ????????????(2003),?? TEM4, TEM8????(2004)
105. ??????(2)
- ???????????(2000-2005)
- ??????????
- ????????????,WTO???????,??????????
- ????????????(2006??)
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- ????????????
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115. ??????(3)
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- ?2006??,??????,?????????
- ?2008??,????????,???????????
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- ????????9??????????????(2007-2008)
- ????????????????????????????????,??4?????(2008)
- ??????(?????????)????????????? (2008)
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28- 5. ??????????
- 6. ??????????,????/????????
- 7. ??????
- a)????????
- b) ??????????????,?????????????????
29- 8. ?????????????????
- 9. ????????????????????????????
- 10. ???????,??????????
30Studies of SLA in last 20 yearsachievements and
problems
- Main focus applications of SLA research findings
to ELT in Chinese context - Studies of fossilization a case in point
- Interlanguage a language which is between the
native language and the target language(Longman). - Interlanguage the mental grammar that a learner
constructs at a specific time in the learning
process (Selinker) - Selinker few people can ever achieve native-like
competence
31Some factors affecting the interlanguage system
- Language transferfossilized items, rules,
subsystems which occur in the interlanguage as a
result of transfer from the native language. - Transfer of training items resulting from
particular approaches used in training - Strategies of second language communication
identifiable approaches by the learner to
communicate with native speakers of the target
language. - Overgeneralization of target language linguistic
material overgeneralization of target language
rules and semantic features .
32Central premises of IL(I)
- A learners interlanguage consists primarily of
implicit linguistic knowledge. - A learners interlanguage knowledge constitutes a
system in the same sense that a native speakers
grammar is a system. - A learners interlanguage is permeable.
- A learners interlanguage is transitional.
- A learners interlanguage is variable. At any one
stage of development the learner will employ
different forms for the same grammatical
structure.
33Central premises of IL(II)
- A learners interlanguage is the product of
general learning strategies, like L1 transfer,
intralingual strategies ( e.g. overgeneralization
and simplification). - A learner may supplement his/her interlanguage by
means of communication strategies (e.g.
paraphrase or request for assistance). - A learners interlanguage may fossilize.
34Fossilization definition 1
- ( in second or foreign language) a process
which sometimes occurs in which incorrect
linguistic features become a permanent part of
the way a person speaks or writes a language.
Aspects of pronunciations, vocabulary usage and
grammar may become fixed or fossilized in second
or foreign language learning. Fossilized features
of pronunciation contributes to a persons
foreign accent. (Longman Dictionary) - (Note that according to Professor Zhaohong Han
fossilization happens in second language learning
only, probably, as suggested by Professor Han,
stabilization, not fossilization, happens in
foreign language learning. )
35Fossilization definition 2
- ???????????????????????????????,?????????,???????
?????????????????????????????????????,???????????,
???????????? (Selinker, 199431)????????????????
??,???????? (Selinker, 199435)
36Types of Fossilization
- Individual fossilization vs group fossilization
- B. Temporary fossilization vs permanent
fossilization
37Causes of interlanguage fossilization
- Selinker
- language transfer
- Transfer of improper training
- Strategies of second language learning
- Strategies of second language communication
- Overgeneralization of IL rules
38Causes of interlanguage fossilization
- B. Ellis internal and external factors
- External
- ??????(lack of learning opportunities)
- ????( pressure of communication)
- ?????????????(?????)(nature of feedback)
- Internal
- ???(???)(sensitive period)
- ????(acculturation)
39 Causes of interlanguage fossilization
- C. Skill learning
-
- psychologically speaking plateau ( ???)
- In terms of language proficiency climax(???)
40?????????????????
- ???????????(affect)???????????
- ??????
- ???????????
- ?????????(optimal input automatization
desired output) - ???????? ????????(??????????????,???????????????,?
???????????????,?????????????????) - ??????????,??defossilization/destabilization????,?
salience?noticing ? tallying - ??????????????????
- (???????????????????????)
41???
- Even though there are a few scholars who
endeavor to handle the problem from a variety of
perspectives and different theoretical arguments.
fossilization remains an unsolved riddle and its
characteristics or nature is still uncertain (in
spite of the fact that persistence and resistance
are seen to be the main characteristics of
fossilization ). Particularly, the three
questions advanced by Selinker and Lamendella are
still unsettled - 1. Why does fossilization happen?
- 2. When and how does it happen?
- 3. Can it be reversed or is it permanent?
42????!