Industrial Revolution

1
Industrial Revolution

• Henry Ford and
• The Model T Car

2
Impact of Technology

• From http//www.teachersdomain.org

• From http//www.teachersdomain.org
  http//www.teachersdomain.org/resources/phy03/s
  ci/engin/design/techcars/index.html

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Industrial Revolution Inventors
Person Invention Date
James Watt First reliable Steam Engine 1775
Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, Interchangeable Parts for Muskets 1793, 1798
Robert Fulton Regular Steamboat Service on the Hudson River 1807
Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph 1836
Elias Howe Sewing Machine 1844
Isaac Singer Improves and Markets Howe's Sewing Machine 1851
Cyrus Field Transatlantic Cable 1866
Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876
Thomas Edison Phonograph, Incandescent Light Bulb 1877, 1879
Nikola Tesla Induction Electric Motor 1888
Rudolf Diesel Diesel Engine 1892
Orville and Wilbur Wright First Airplane 1903
Henry Ford Model T Ford, Assembly Line 1908, 1913
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great
Britain in the 1700s, brought about huge changes
in manufacturing.

• Manufacturing Concepts
• Interchangeable Parts
• Assembly Line
• Industrialization

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Interchangeable Parts

• Manufacturing Concepts
• Interchangeable Parts
• Assembly Line
• Industrialization

• Eli Whitney developed a process for manufacturing
  muskets (early rifles), which involved producing
  parts to precise standards. In theory, all parts
  of the same type are virtually identical to one
  another so one part could be used in any musket
  and still function properly.
• Henry Ford utilized this concept to manufacture
  cars faster resulting in the lowest cost car of
  the time.
• Today, standardization is universal in
  manufacturing. Precision measuring systems
  specifications and tolerances are enforced to
  ensure parts are produced to meet standards.

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Assembly Line

• Manufacturing Concepts
• Interchangeable Parts
• Assembly Line
• Industrialization

First assembly lines had no conveyers.

• The Assembly Line allows each worker to complete
  a specific task. As a task is completed the
  partially assembled automobile is moved down the
  line to the next worker, who performed another
  task.
• Assigning workers specialized tasks and moving
  the evolving product from worker to worker was a
  very efficient system. Assembly lines are widely
  used today, not only for automobiles but also for
  many types of products.

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Division of Labor in Industry
Assembly lines double the output.
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Industrialization

• Manufacturing Concepts
• Interchangeable Parts
• Assembly Line
• Industrialization

• Powered machines began to replace manual human
  labor for many tasks. James Watts steam engine
  provided the power to energize the machines.
  Later, the development of electrical power
  generation provided a superior energy source for
  industrial machines.
• Henry Ford used steam and electrical power to
  move parts and cars down the assembly line.

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Henry Ford1863-1947
Henry Ford did not invent the automobile. He
revolutionized the production of the automobile.

• In 1893, the automobile was still a novelty item
  of the rich or do-it-yourself engineers.
• In 1899 cars were built one at a time.
• Ford incorporated ideas from other industries
• Interchangeable parts as Eli Whitney had used
  with gun manufacturing and
• Assembly line methods George Eastman introduced
  in photo processing .
• Ford met resistance to his ideas for mass
  production of a car the average worker could
  afford.
• In 1908, he began production of the Model T.
• Ford gradually improved the production line until
  in 1913, his plant incorporated the first moving
  assembly line.
• Before Ford stopped making the Model T in 1927,
  15 million had been sold, and Ford had become the
  leading auto manufacturer in the country.
• In addition to the moving assembly line, Ford
  revolutionized the auto industry by increasing
  the pay and decreasing the hours of his
  employees.

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Model T Fords
Early Models the Brass Cars1908 1916 Various
Colors until 1913
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Model T Fords
Later Models Any Color You Want, As Long As It
Is Black1917-1927
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Display Car

• 1925 Model T Tudor (two door)
• Car is 82 years old
• 20 Horsepower 4 cylinder engine
• Original Purchase Price - 580
• Prices of Other Models
• Touring - 290
• Runabout - 260
• Fordor (four door) - 660
• Only 3 owners since 1925
• Original Owner in Illinois and loaned to a museum
• Purchased by man in Kentucky - 2002
• I purchased in 2007

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Model T Ford

• 1907 Ford Motor Company Goal to create "a motor
  car for everyone." At that time, automobiles
  were expensive, custom-made machines.
• The Model T, a simple, sturdy car, offering no
  factory options -- not even a choice of color.
• The Model T, first produced in 1908, kept the
  same design until the last one -- number
  15,000,000 -- rolled off the line in 1927.
• From the start, the Model T was less expensive
  than most other cars,
• Ford realized he'd need a more efficient way to
  produce the car in order to lower the price. He
  and his team looked at other industries and found
  four principles that would further their goal
  interchangeable parts, continuous flow, division
  of labor, and reducing wasted effort.
• Interchangeable parts meant making the individual
  pieces of the car the same every time.
• To improve the flow of the work, it needed to be
  arranged so that as one task was finished,
  another began, with minimum time spent in set-up.
  
• Divided the labor by breaking the assembly of the
  Model T into 84 distinct steps. Each worker was
  trained to do just one of these steps along the
  assembly line.
• Time and motion studies were used to determine
  the exact speed at which the work should be
  preformed
• In 1913, Ford built the first moving assembly
  line ever used for large-scale manufacturing.
• Producing cars at a high rate resulted in lower
  costs and therefore a lower sale price.
• Ford's manufacturing principles were adopted by
  countless other industries. Henry Ford went
  beyond his 1907 goal of making cars affordable
  for all he changed the habits of a nation and
  shaped its very character.

14
Henry Ford Interesting Facts

• In 1914 Henry Ford doubled the wages of factory
  workers from 2.50 to 5.00 per 8 hour work day.
• Early in 1941 Ford was granted government
  contracts. Initially he was to manufacture parts
  for bombers and later the entire airplane. By the
  end of World War II (1945) his plant had
  manufactured more than 8000 planes.
• Ford died in 1947 leaving a personal fortune
  estimated at 500 to 700 million.
• Henry Ford had a long time interest in plastics
  developed from soybeans.
• Almost 50 years before a single McDonald's
  hamburger was sold, Ford invented the
  dealer-franchise system to sell and service cars.
  He knew that business had to be local. Ford's
  "road men" became a familiar part of the American
  landscape. By 1912 there were 7,000 Ford dealers
  across the country.
• Ford was instrumental in developing charcoal
  briquettes, under the brand name Ford Charcoal.
  Along with his brother in law E.G. Kingsford they
  used wood scraps from the Ford factory to make
  the briquettes, The company name was later
  changed to Kingsford.
• By 1921, Ford Motor Co. dominated auto production
  with 55 percent of the industry's total output.
• The Ford Motor Company was one of only forty-four
  U.S. automakers left in 1929 of the hundreds that
  had entered the fray since the beginning of the
  century. That year, Ford, General Motors, and the
  newly formed Chrysler Corporation -- known then
  and now as the Big Three -- accounted for 80
  percent of the market.
• Patent 747,909 was the number issued December
  22, 1903 for motor-vehicles.