???????????? (Game Design)

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????????????(Game Design)

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Playing is older than games

• Playing done in many animal species
• Training
• Passing knowledge
• Determining social rang
• First way to negate
• Possible between species

ref Staffan Bjork
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First Games?- First suspect Sport

• Ritualized forms of other activities
• Running
• Wrestling
• Archery
• Gameplay features
• Produce a measure of physical skill by
  competition against other person

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First Games?- Second suspect Dice Games

• Randomizers
• Objects used for divination
• Evidence
• Staves found in Tutankhamens tomb (1323 BC)
  together with gameboard
• Similar staves found in the royal tombs at Ur
  together with another gameboard
• Mentioned in the Rig Veda (1500 BC)
• Gameplay features
• Produce a random outcome within well-defined
  limits and clear states

Source Parlett, David, The Oxford History of
Board Games, Oxford University Press, 1999
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First Organized Games

• Funerals
• Gladiators
• Religious festivals
• Olympic Games, 776 BC
• Judges
• Truces between countries,
• Participants status as religious pilgrims
• Gladiator Games
• Celebrate battles at funeral
• Changed when Julius Caesar organized one in honor
  of his dead daughter

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Computer Games
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Spacewar! - 1962

• Stephen "Slug" Russell, MIT
• DEC PDP-1 assembler in 1962
• Demonstrate the Type 30 Precision CRT Display
• It should demonstrate as many of the computer's
  resources as possible, and tax those resources to
  the limit
• Within a consistent framework, it should be
  interesting, which means every run should be
  different
• It should involve the onlooker in a pleasurable
  and active way -- in short, it should be a game.

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Tennis for Two - 1958

• William Higinbotham
• Demonstrate system
• Analog computer
• Real-time game

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A.S. Douglas - 1952

• Part of Ph.D. thesis in Human-Computer
  Interaction
• Tic-Tac-Toe
• Play by dialing numbers
• Computer opponent
• Emulator
• http//www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/edsac/

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Ralph Baer - 1951

• Asked to Build the best television set in the
  world.
• Built in several prototypes between 1966-1968
• Hand controller and light gun
• Use of sensor
• Magnavox signed an agreement in 1971 and the
  first video game system got released in May 1972
  Odyssey

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Computer Space 1970Back to Spacewar

• Nolan Bushnell decided to commercialize Spacewar
• Stand-alone machine

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Nolan Bushell - 1972

• Atari
• syzygy
• Pong
• Arcade version, 1972
• TV-console, 1975
• Difficulties getting bank loans due to
  association with pinball and mafia

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Pong vs. Pong?

• In 1972, Magnavox sued Atari
• Patents on electronic games electronic
  ping-pong
• Settled out of court
• 700,000 paid-up license
• Other later companies had to pay royalties

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Coin-eaters

• 1974 to 1975
• 57 games are released.
• 1976
• 53 videogames by 15 companies
• First controversy
• Death Race 2000

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Vector Graphics

• Space Wars, 1977
• Cinematronics
• pong clone maker
• Speed Freak, 1977
• - 3D

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Coin shortage

• Taito, known for pachinko games
• Space Invaders, 1978

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Improvements Variants

• Atari Football, Atari, 1978
• Screen down
• Asteroids, Atari, 1978
• Initials and High Score
• Galaxian, Namco, 1979
• 8-bit color
• Stratovox, Taito, 1980
• Speech sound

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Platform Games

• Pac-Man, Namco, 1981
• Moru Iwatani
• Donkey Kong, Nintendo, 1981
• Shigeru Miyamoto
• Introduced Mario Donkey Kong

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Game Brains Cartridges

• Fairchild
• Fairchild VES, 1976
• Atari VCS
• Simple Hardware
• No screen buffer
• Third Party Developers
• Activision, 1979
• Sued by Atari

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Atari

• 1980-1981 Atari 2600 Video Computer System (VCS)
• MOS Technology 6502
• Newer call 6507, 6532

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Home Computers

• Commodore
• Commodore PET, 1977
• VIC 20, 1980
• Commodore 64, 1982
• Commodore Amiga, 1985
• Amiga 500, 1987
• Amiga 2000, 1987
• Sinclair
• ZX80, 1980
• ZX81, 1981
• ZX Spectrum, 1982
• Etc. etc. etc.

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Rom Cartridge

• Most of Home Computers support Rom Cartridge
• Floppy Disk Drives is too expensive
• Use Tape Recorder to save data (Cassette Tape)

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Video Game Generation

• First generation (19721977) lab computer/ hw
  specific / pong / spacewars / arcade game
• Second generation (19761984) console w cartridge
  / home computer
• Video game crash of 1983 !! ?
• Third generation (19831992)
• Fourth generation (19871996)
• Fifth generation (19932002)
• Sixth generation (19982006)
• Seventh generation (2004)
• 2007 "next gen"

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The North American video game crash of 1983

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game
  s
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_video_
  game_crash_of_1983
• It almost destroyed the fledgling industry and
  led to the bankruptcy of several companies
  producing home computers and video game consoles
  in North America.
• The video game industry was revitalized a few
  years later, mostly due to the widespread success
  of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), which
  was released in North America in 1985 and became
  extremely popular by 1987.

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Investigation of the Crash of Arcade Games

• Transition Cycles
• 6-8 years
• Atari Hubris
• E.T. games buried?
• Oversupply
• 50 companies
• Home Consoles
• Lack of Faith
• Video games fad
• Over supply!
• Exception exist
• Paperboy, Atari, 1984
• Gauntlet, 1985

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• E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (Atari, 1982)
• E.T. Phone Home! (Atari 1983)

-need to escape from Scientist, FBI -Meet
Elliot -find items (phone piece/extra life/candy)
in a well and to levitate out -E.T.'s energy
supply steadily drains
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Home Computers

• 1970s-1980s Home Computer 8-bit era -gt Play Games
  Do (own) Program (Games)
• 1977 Apple II
• 1982 Commodore64
• 1982 Sinclair ZX Spectrum

Z80 4.77Mhz
MOS Tech 6510 1.02Mhz
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IBM PC

• 1981-1987 IBM Personal Computer 8-bit (intel 8088
  _at_4.77Mhz/8Mhz/10Mhz)
• PC Compatible (multi-brands)
• Monochrome/Green/Amber
• Beep PC Speaker

• 1981 CGA (4 Colors) 640x200
• 40x25, 80x25 Chars Textmode

• 1987 ADLib card
• 1989 Creative's Lab Sound Blaster

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CGA

• text mode / CGA Graphics mode

• 1981 CGA (4 Colors) 640x200
• 40x25, 80x25 Chars Textmode

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Apple Macintosh

• 1984 new mouse graphical user interface (GUI)
• Grey level display (Blue/White)

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Video Game Generation

• Third generation (19831992)
• Fourth generation (19871996)
• Fifth generation (19932002)
• Sixth generation (19982006)
• Seventh generation (2004)
• 2007 "next gen"

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• 1990 Intel 80386, 16-bits, 1-4MB Ram, VGA
  display, 5 ¼" -gt 3.5" FloppyDisk Media
• 3D Graphics (Software Based), Sound Cards, CD-ROM
  Multi-Media Era Shareware Era
• 1990 SimCity (Simulation)
• 1992 Dune II, WarCraft (RTS), Alone In the Dark
  3D (Survival Horror), Wolfenstein 3D (FPS)

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• 1980, Nintendo GameWatch (handheld)
• 1983(JP) 85(US) EU(86) Nintendo Entertainment
  System (NES) 8bits "FAMICOM" MOS6502 Core
• 1989 Nintendo GameBoy (hh), 1988/1989 Sega Mega
  Drive (16bits)
• 1990 Sega Game Gear (handheld), NEOGEO AES
  (24bits)
• 1991 Super NES (16bits)

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About Super NES

• An expensive CPU Ricoh 5A22, based on a 16-bit
  65c816 core
• Multi-out connector RF, RGB, S-Video
• Can interface special coprocessor chips to the
  console
• Super FX RISC CPU, Create 3D games worlds made
  with polygons, texture mapping and light source.
• fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) chip
  allowed for fast vector-based calculation, 3D
  coordinate transformations.
• Flash memory, Can save or download a new game
  from Nintendo Power kiosks

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Fifth generation (19941999)

• 1994JP/95EU Sony PlayStation (PS/PSX)
• 32 Bits MIPS R3000A 33Mhz Memory Card CD-ROM

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http//www.gamestats.com/index/gs/playstation.html
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Nintendo64

• 64-bit June23,1996JP 1997EU
• CPU 93.75Mhz NEC VR4300
• GPU SGI 62.5lthz 64-bit RCP
• ROM cartridge
• 32.9 million sold (32 march 2006)

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• PlayStation 2 PS2 Sixth generation era
• March 4, 2000JP/NOV 2000EU
• Memory Card, DVD drive, Network, Harddrive
• CPU 128 bit Emotion Engine 294Mhz GPU 147Mhz
• 120 million units shipped at 20 September 2007

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• PlayStation 3 PS3 Seventh generation era
• November 11, 2006JP / March 2007EU
• DVD, CD, Blu-ray Disc, 2.5" SATA (20/40/60/80GB)
  Harddisk
• CPU Cell Broadband Engine 3.2Ghz GPU 500Mhz
  nVidia/SCEI "RSX"
• 12.81 million units shipped at 31 March 2008

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http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3
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• 1996 3DFX (VooDoo, 3D accelerator cards), Quake

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Pirate of Silicon Valley

• Pirates of Silicon Valley is a 1999 film based on
  the book Fire in the Valley The Making of The
  Personal Computer by Paul Freiberger and Michael
  Swaine. It is an unauthorized made-for-television
  docudrama written and directed by Martyn Burke
  which documents the rise of the home computer
  (personal computer) through the rivalry between
  Apple Computer and Microsoft.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_Silicon_Va
lley
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