ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIOD IN WORLD HISTORY: FROM THE DAWN OF TIME TO 600 C.E.

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ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIODIN WORLD
HISTORYFROM THE DAWN OF TIMETO 600 C.E.
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CONTENT
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HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY TO KNOW

• Historic Regions
• All AP Regions
• Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica
• Sudanic Africa (West African Sahel)
• Historic States to Know
• River Valley Civilizations
• Amer-Indian geographic hearths
• Classical Empires
• Locations of world religions
• Internal vs. External migration
• Migration, Urbanization
• Immigration
• Movement in History
• Original spread of humans
• Indo-European
• Bantu
• Germanic and Viking
• Spread of world religions
• Polynesian

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A.P. GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
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MODERN NATIONS TO KNOW
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THEMES

• THEMES (P.E.R.S.I.A.N., S.C.R.I.P.T.E.D.)
• Social, Gender Structures including Labor Systems
• Cultural and Intellectual Structures
• Religious Structures
• Interactions War, Diplomacy, Trade
• Political Culture, Political Organization, State
  Structures,
• Technology
• Economics
• Demography (geography) and Environment
• OTHER
• Change and Continuity over Time
• Geography Local and regional focus

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THE ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIOD

• PERIODIZATION
• What themes set a period apart?
• When did it begin, when did it end?
• Nature and causes of change
• Breaks and continuity within a time period
• 1,000,000 BCE TO 600 CE
• Prehistoric 1 million to 4500 BCE or Stone age
• Ancient 4500 to 1000 BCE or Bronze Age
• Classical 1000 BCE to 600 CE or Iron Age
• Breaks and Continuity within Period
• Prehistoric Rise of Humans, Hunter Gatherers
• Ancient Sedentary culture, domestications
• Classical Use of Iron

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THE FIVE THEMES

• Relative Location
• Know relative locations
• Know locations of major states, cultures
• Place
• Physical
• Know the major features of physical geography
• Human
• Know the cultural characteristics of states
• Human Environment Interaction
• Movement
• History is the result of movement
• Region
• All history is regional until 1450 CE

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HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

• PRE-SEDENTARY TIMES ADAPT OR DIE
• Climates diverse, mans adaptations diverse
• Man arose in Africa, spread out to other
  continents
• Harshest climates around deserts, desert like
  conditions
• Environment often forced man to change
• As civilization advances, man begins to change
  surroundings
• Hunter-gather nature
• Slash and burn was the transition to sedentary
  agriculture
• AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
• Domestications
• Farming
• Herding
• Sedentary civilization
• PASTORAL SOCIETIES
• Nomads and their flocks
• Relationship to agricultural societies
• DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES WITH RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS
• DEMOGRAPHIC STRESS
• Overfarming and overhunting, deforestation,
  agriculture replaces plants

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LOCATION EARLY GEOGRAPHIC SETTING

• PRE-HISTORIC
• The whole world in all settings
• The first towns, cities arose in marginal zones
• Some building materials
• Some foods, resources, marginal water, and
  protection
• ANCIENT RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS (HEARTHS)
• Mesopotamia
• Sumer
• Assyria and Babylon
• Nile River
• Egyptian Kingdoms
• Kush-Meroe
• Indus River
• Harrappan, Mohenjo Daro
• Aryans
• Yellow River
• Xia
• Shang

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LOCATION LATER GEOGRAPHIC SETTING CLASSICAL

• MEDITERRANEAN
• Phoenicians, Jews, Persians
• Greeks Hellenes, Hellenistic Age
• Romans Republic and Empire
• SOUTH ASIA
• Persians and Greeks
• Mauryans
• Guptans
• EAST ASIA
• Zhou,
• Qin, Han
• CENTRAL ASIANS
• OTHERS
• Ghana, Axum-Ethiopia
• Mayans, Toltecs, Aztecs
• Incas and predecessors

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EARLY POLITICAL STRUCTURES

• Paleolithic Structure
• Small bands, generalized social equality
• Led by best hunters, male or female
• Neolithic
• Sedentary villages
• Village Councils, Elders, some hereditary chiefs
• Much more patriarchal
• Early Cities
• Often city states
• Ceremonial Centers Plazas, Temples
• Centralized rule of priests, kings, elite class
• Class structure usually based on land ownership
• Hereditary positions become common

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CHANGE OVER TIME STATE STRUCTURES

• Small city states
• Sumer, Indus, Xia
• Phoenicians, Greeks
• Olmecs, Mixtec, Zapotecs, Mayans
• Small Regional State
• Shang
• Babylonia, Israel
• Ghana, Kush, Axum
• Early Theocratic Empires
• Egyptian Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom
• Toltecs
• Akkad
• Shang, Zhou
• Funan (SE Asia)

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EARLY CULTURE

• PALEOLITHIC CULTURE
• Language, Religion
• Traditions and Institutions
• Occupations and Past-times
• Simple artifacts, art (cave paints, totems,
  jewelry)
• TOOL MAKING CULTURE
• Hunter Gathers had tools, only primitive
• Neolithic technology become complex, varies
• NEOLITHIC CULTURE
• Social Revolution hierarchy, gender relations
• Technological Revolution pottery, advanced
  tools, irrigation
• NATURE OF CIVILIZATION
• Writing is at the center of a cultural change
• Complex culture based on living in a city
• People packed more closely together
• Social mores reflect this change
• Artisans, toolmakers have great influence
• SOPHISTICATION Increased over time

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SOCIAL HIERARCHY

• Patriarchal
• Increasingly so over time
• Social Class Differentiation
• Superior vs. Inferior
• Increasingly classes defined over time
• Caste Systems
• If classes become rigid, it is a caste system
• Slavery
• Common since dawn of history in all cultures
• Rigidity depended on culture
• Serfdom

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CHANGE OVER TIME EARLY SOCIAL

• PALEOLITHIC HUNTER GATHERER
• Gender equality, work equality
• Short life, Limited survival, foods
• Small groups, bands led by elders
• Religion animist, afterlife
• Extended family
• NEOLITHIC SETTLED AGRICULTURE, DOMESTICATIONS
• Domestication of plants and animals
• Shifting Agriculture and Migratory Farmers
• Nomadic Pastoralism
• Patriarchal society, patrilineal descent gender
  differences in work, farming
• ANCIENT VILLAGE TO CIVILIZATION
• Sedentary life led to rise of social classes
• Social differences, gender differences,
  Specialized occupations
• Rise of inequalities rise of aristocrats, kings,
  priests unfree labor inc. slavery, serfs
• Villages and a few cities
• Nuclear Family
• CLASSICAL
• Continuation of Ancient although trends
  heightened

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CHANGE OVER TIME RELIGIONS

• UNIVERSALIZING vs. ETHNIC RELIGIONS
• MAJOR FEATURES OF EACH, WHERE ARE RELIGIONS
  LOCATED
• OVERTIME
• RISE OF PERMANENT RELIGIOUS CASTE, MORAL CODES
  INCLUDING SOME CASTING
• ANIMISM/SHAMANISM TO GENERALIZED ANTRHOPOMORPHISM
  T0 POLYHEISM
• PHILOSOPHIES AND MONOTHEISMS DEVELOP AT END OF
  PERIOD
• EARLY RELIGIONS
• ANIMISM, SHAMANISM
• ANTHROPOMORPHIC POLYTHEISM
• ELABORATED POLYTHEISM WITH PRIESTS, RITUAL, DOGMA
• HINDUISM
• SHINTO
• ETHICAL PHILOSOPHIES AND RELIGIONS BLEND
• CHINESE RELIGIOUS COMPLEX TAOISM, CONFUCIANISM,
  LEGALISM
• JAINISM, BUDDHISM
• HELLENIC PHILOSOPHY
• MONOTHEISM EXCLUSIVITY
• JUDAISM
• CHRISTIANITY

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TECHNOLOGY OVER TIME

• The ability to make and use tools
• Man has always been a toolmaker
• Tools increasingly designed to meet specific
  needs
• Simple to complex
• Materials
• Bone, Stone, Wood Mixture of Media
• Metallurgy, Metalworking Copper, Bronze, Iron
• Include domestications as technology if necessary
• In many ways writing is a technology
• Technology is specialization
• Expands if group supports artisans who do not
  hunt, gather, farm
• Irrigation systems requires team work leading to
  political structure
• Know how inventions improved life

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CHANGE OVER TIME INTERACTIONS

• War
• Not a new invention but rare in Pre-history
• History introduces scarcity, contest for it
• War becomes increasingly complex warrior classes
• Technology effected war empires are core of
  classical
• Diplomacy
• Similar to War
• Contact between states led to diplomacy
• First treaty was between Hittites, Egyptians
• Trade
• The simplest way for cities to overcome failings
• Trade for what you do not have
• Most international trade was for luxury
• Commodities traded locally, internally
• Exchanges ideas, diseases
• Migration of nomads, Bantus, Indo-Europeans
• Interactions between nomads, sedentary

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MOVEMENT

• Themes
• Indigenous or Independent Development
• Cultural Diffusion
• Spread of Agriculture
• Spread of Technology
• Popular Movements
• Early Humans spread across globe
• Indo-European Migrations or Chariot Peoples
• Bantu Migrations
• Polynesian Migrations
• Xiong Nu or steppe peoples
• Germanic Peoples

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CLASSICAL ENDS

• Reasons for Decline
• External and Internal
• Internal Decay vs. External popular forces
• Aspects
• Geographic, Demographic, Environment
• Military, Political
• Economic, Social
• Decline in Given Areas
• Mediterranean, South Asia, East Asia
• Mesoamerica
• That which remains
• Classical cultures
• Classical religions
• Classical traditions
• Interregional Networks Trade, Spread of
  Religions
• Movements of Bantu, Huns, Germans, Polynesian

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ESSAYS
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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Compare and contrast the development of
  institutions and traditions (political, social,
  economic, or intellectual) in any two of these
  classical civilizations
• China
• India
• Greece
• Rome
• Mesoamerica
• Andes
• Compare and contrast any two of these cultures
• The Neolithic Revolutions
• Early civilization
• Pastoral nomadism
• Shifting agriculture

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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Compare major religions and philosophical systems
  including similarities in cementing a social
  hierarchy, e.g. Hinduism contrasted with
  Confucianism.
• Compare the role of women in different belief -
  Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism and
  Confucianism
• Compare and contrast the rise, development and
  spread of Buddhism and early Christianity.

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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Understand how and why the collapse of empire was
  more severe in Western Europe than it was in the
  Eastern Mediterranean, China, or South India
• Compare the caste system to other systems of
  social inequality devised by ancient and
  Classical civilizations, including slavery

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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Compare societies and cultures that include
  cities with pastoral and nomadic societies.
• Compare the development of traditions and
  institutions in major civilizations, e.g. Indian,
  Chinese, Greek
• Describe interregional trading systems e.g. the
  Indian Ocean trade system and the Silk Road
• Compare and contrast the intellectual
  accomplishments of the classical Chinese and
  Mediterranean civilizations (Hellenic,
  Hellenistic, and Roman).

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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Compare any two of the interregional trading
  systems
•  Mesoamerica
• Mediterranean
• Southwest Asia
• South Asia
• East Asia
• Compare and contrast the popular movements and
  settlement patterns of any two of these peoples
  Indo-Europeans/Chariot Peoples, Germans,
  Polynesian, or Bantu.

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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Compare the political and social structures of
  two early civilizations using any two of the
  following
• Mesopotamia (Sumer through Persia)
• Egypt (Old Kingdom through New Empire)
• Indus Valley (Harappan to Aryan)
• Shang Dynasty
• Mesoamerica (Olmecs, Mayans, Toltecs)
• Andean South America (Moche, Chan Chan)