Engineering History

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EngineeringHistory
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When did engineering begin? Who were the first
engineers? What were the first engineering
designs?
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The Beginnings of Engineering 6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Probably occurred in Asia Minor or Africa 8000
  years ago
• Change from nomadic life (hunter - gatherers)
• The Agrarian Society (agriculture)
• forms the basis of civilization
• cultivate plants - the need for increased food
  production
• domesticate animals - for food and work
• build permanent houses in community group

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The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Increased food production permitted time to
  engage in other activities such as
• Rulers - to stabilize community life land
  ownership
• - to complete work
• - organize work force
• - beginnings of a class society
• supervisors
• foremen
• workers - artisans
• Artisans - considered to be the first engineers

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The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Early Achievements in this Era
• Methods of producing fire at will
• Melting certain rocklike materials to produce
  copper and bronze tools
• Development of a system of symbols for written
  communications

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The Beginning of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
• Irrigation systems to promote crop growth
• Animal-, water-, and wind-driven gristmills
• The wheel and axle
• Plow
• Yoke

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The Beginning of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Mesopotamia cradle of civilization
• Clay tile material used for permanent
  documentation
• Clay tablets unearthed which show
• maps of caravan routes including mountains,
  cities and water
• city plans
• irrigation systems
• water supply systems
• road maps (networks)

Euphrates-Tigris river
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The Beginning of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Outstanding contributions of mathematics
• Sexagesimal system
• divided circle into 360 degrees
• hour into 60 minutes
• minute into 60 seconds

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Engineering in Early Civilizations3000 -600 B.C.

• Babylonian engineers
• Familiar with basic arithmetic and algebra
  computing areas and volumes of land excavations
• Number system based on 60 instead of 10
• Buildings were constructed using basic
  engineering principles still used today
• Primitive arches used in hydraulic works
• Bridges were built with stone piers carrying
  wooden stringers
• Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring
  asphalt, a construction system not used again
  until the nineteenth century

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Engineering in Early Civilizations3000 -600 B.C.

• Egyptian Engineers
• Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years
• 2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to
  build the Great Pyramid of Cheops
• Outstanding examples of engineering skills in
  land measurement and building layout -transit and
  level
• Irrigation systems

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Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Engineering in Greece
• Had its origin in Egypt
• Better known for the intensive development of
  borrowed ideas than for creativity and invention
• Famous for outstanding philosophers
• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist)
  and Archimedes (mathematics)

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Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Engineering in Greece
• Use of ideas was retarded because of the belief
  that verification and experimentation, which
  required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.
• Archimedes water screw
• Crossbow
• Catapult

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Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Roman Engineering
• Borrowed scientific and engineering knowledge
  from the conquered countries for use in warfare
  and in their public works
• Superior in the application of ideas and
  techniques
• Heros Inventions
• Gear driven odometer on chariot
• Steam turbine
• Hydraulic clock
• Fire engine

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Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Roman Engineering
• Roman road systems- subbase, compact base,
  topcoat 180,000 miles
• Aqueducts for water supply
• Sanitary systems
• Engineering principles applies
• to military tactics

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Engineering in the Middle Ages 1st to 16th
Centuries

• Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th
  centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but
  was it?
• The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies
  in the Latin word ingeniare, to design or
  devise
• Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans
  as the power source
• Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry,
  and optics
• Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume
  distilling became part of the culture
• Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical
  instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and
  gunpowder

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Engineering in the Middle Ages 1st to 16th
Centuries

• Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the
  first books printed on paper
• Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist,
  was also an engineer, inventor and architect
• Military and civil engineering feats such as
  catapults bridges and buildings
• Sketches of future engineering
• devices such as
• Machine Gun Helicopter
• Drawbridge Breach-loading
• Cannon Roller Bearings
• Universal Joint Tanks

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The Revival of Science17th and 18th Centuries

• Galileo Discovers
• Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body
  achieves while falling, is independent of weight
• Earth moves around the sun
• Torricelli and Pascal Discovers
• hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer
• Boyle Discovers
• expansion quality of air and the correlation
  between temperature, volume, and pressure

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The Revival of Science17th and 18th Centuries

• Hooke Discovers
• material lengthens in proportion to the force
  exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in
  compression it shortens in a similar fashion
• Huygens develops
• spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and
  measures gravitational acceleration
• Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of
  motion
• developed differential calculus, essential to
  mathematical analysis of most physical systems

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The Revival of Science17th and 18th Centuries

• The Developing Industrial Age
• James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron
  furnaces, rolling mills and other industries
• Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the
  spinning and weaving machinery
• Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to
  hold a static electrical charge, now called the
  leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor
• Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical
  conduction
• Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric
  battery

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Beginnings of Modern Science 19th Century

• Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of
  electrical current, leading to the science of
  electrodynamics
• Michael Faraday found the means to generate
  electricity by moving a conductor through a
  magnetic field
• Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the
  transmission of electric signals through space
  Marconi was awarded a patent for the same
  achievement a year later
• Henry Cort develops a method of refining iron
• James Watt refines and produces an efficient
  steam engine
• At last good iron for machines and power plants
  to operate the machinery

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20th Century Technology

• Henry Ford- Builds and sells automobiles
• and mass production emerges
• Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical
  application of alternating current, the polyphase
  induction motor
• Orville Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft
• Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic
  chemists and chemical engineer researchers at
  duPont to develop NYLON the first of many
  synthetic fibers. The beginnings of polymer
  research

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20th Century Technology

• Using Albert Einstein's model Emc2 scientists
  from Europe and the United States at the
  University of Chicago produce the first nuclear
  pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction
  begins.
• John Brainerd , at the University of
  Pennsylvanias Moore School of Engineering
  develop the first computer called the ENIAC.
  It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500
  square feet.
• John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William
  Shockley, discovered that current changes in one
  part of a diode caused current changes in another
  part of a diode and create the transistor.

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20th Century Technology

• Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor
  discovers that the transistors silicon crystal
  could be made to be its own circuit board.
  transistors - the switch that controls the
  world
• Pratt Whitney develop turbojet engines
• Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707
  capable of transporting 180 passengers at speeds
  of 600 mph
• Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser
  which has mushroomed to encompass surgeons,
  transmit telephone calls, track storms, to
  checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut
  fabric and to produce holograms

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20th Century Technology

• Communication Satellites - now handle more than
  half of all transoceanic telephone, television
  and audio network program distribution

• And the list goes ON AND
• ON
• AND
• ON