Diversifying Rice-Based Farming Systems in the Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector Project with the System of Rice Intensification (Paper for presentation in the World Rice Research Conference, Tokyo-Tsukuba, Japan, 4-7 November 2004)

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Diversifying Rice-Based Farming Systems in the
Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector
Projectwith the System of Rice
Intensification(Paper for presentation in the
World Rice Research Conference, Tokyo-Tsukuba,
Japan, 4-7 November 2004)

• Felipe Rafols Jr., Allan Gayem, Ligaya Belarmino,
  Flor L. Magbanua, Rene Q. Nombre, Joel A. Basiao,
  Carlos S. Salazar, Edgar F. Tagarao, Elmer T.
  Nepa, Pacifico E. Calibayan, and Roger C. Lazaro
• (SPISP Stakeholders Farmers, Staff and
  Consultant)

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Outline of the Presentation

• Information on Philippines Irrigation and
  Improvements-Expectations from the Southern
  Philippines Irrigation Sector Project in its
  revitalized PIMT.
• Motivation for establishing the Pilot
• Techno-Demo Farms with the IAs.
• Some Results todate, Extended Analysis,
• and Future Further Plans.

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• SPISP SubProject Location Map

Region VI Visayas West
Region VII Visayas Central
Region XIII Caraga Mindanao
Region XII ARMM Mindanao
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Climatic Types and Topography

• In the Visayas the wetter and drier months are
  quite distinct, and generally the topography is
  quite hilly.
• In Mindanao, in general, rainfall is almost
  uniformly distributed thru out the year with
  flat topographic features.

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Innovations Introduced in SPISP

• Watershed Management Rehabilitation and
  Protec-tion to improve water harvesting and
  reduce (soil and streambank) erosion as well as
  sedimentation.
• Proportional weirs, in lieu of steel gates, with
  an orifice provided to pass the conveyance loss,
  and
• a built-in slit, to assure that no standing water
  remains within the irrigation canal network and
  to keep snails, schistosomiasis host, from
  thriving.
• Canal lining reduces maintenance cost as well as
  speeds up irrigation water flow velocity that
  will prevent the snails from hanging around.

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Motivation for SPISP, NIA IAs

• With water savings, expand the irrigable area,
  and eventually convert part of the rice land into
  diversified crop land.
• Ultimate Purpose To produce enough rice for
  self-sufficiency requirement and to.
• Diversify into high-valued cash crops that may
  provide cash to buy rice elsewhere whenever the
  production falls below expectation.
• Eventual Goal Further diversification to include
  livestock and/or aquaculture farm for extra
  income- assurance/insurance plus resources for
  composting.

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Options in the Pilot Techno-Demo Farms

• Margate rice production system, popularized in
  the Philippines in the 70s, was simply an
  intermittent irrigation and drainage scheme.
• Some similarities with SRI, developed in the
  80s, at Madagascar, and now being promoted in
  Asia.
• Total Quality and Production Management (TQPM)
  proposed by the Department of Agricultures
  Agricultural Training Institute (ATI)
• Features Water savings of up to 50 while crop
  yield could be at least double from present yield
  with continuously basin flooded irrigation.

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Margate MonumentDipolog, Zamboanga, Mindanao
30 years ago
Courtesy of Mr. Mike D. Lopez
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SRI from Madagascar
From 1 plant

• A Jesuit priest, Father Henri de Laulanié, in
  Madagascar is considered the SRI developer helped
  launch the not-for-profit organization,
  Association Tefy Saina meaning "to improve the
  mind."

20 years ago
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SRI Yields in Mindanao SPs

• In Mindanao, at a one-ha. techno-demo farm
  established at the CARAGA Regional Irrigation
  Managers personal farm with poultry waste, used
  as a major component of self-produced, organic
  matter.
• The Mestizo PSBRC 72H Hybrid rice variety grown
  the SRI way yield 8.90 t/ha on a 40 x 40-cm.
  grid plant spacing.

• In Gibong Right Bank Subproject at the Caraga
  Region of Mindanao the Farmer-President of the
  Federation of IAs joined in following the first
  SRI pilot techno-demo farm.
• The SRI Inbred IR64 rice variety gave a 7.50 t/ha
  yield in a 35 x 35-cm plant spacing compared to
  4.59 t/ha from a hybrid PSB RC 72H rice planted
  at usual random spacing.

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SRI Results in SPISP, Mindanao
Sub-Project Area Rice Variety Spacing cm x cm Yield tonsha-1 Net P/ha Income Water Saved
1st Trial
Caraga HyB72H 40 x 40 8.90 42,000 45-73
2nd Trial
Gibong HyB72H Random 4.59 23,500 N.A.
InBIR64 25 x 25 6.50 ditto
35 x 35 7.50 38,482 ditto
45 x 45 6.80 ditto
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SRI Yields at the Visayas SPs

• In the Visayas Barangay Balicotoc, an originally
  rainfed area supplied with irrigation pump, the
  Inbred C64 rice variety was grown the SRI way
• Yield was 7.33 t/ha from 35 x 35-cm plant
  spacing surpassing the 3.67 t/ha yield from 10 x
  30-cm spacing from the Total Quality
  Productivity Management (TQPM) approach with a
  booster chemical fertilizer.

• Also in the Visayas in Magballo Communal
  Irrigation System, SRI growers used registered
  PSB RC18 rice variety.
• The yields ranged from 2.83 5.50 tons/ha (the
  highest from 40 x 40-cm plant spacing), these
  were slightly lower than the first attempt and
  attributed to possible toxicity build-up from
  long years of chemical fertilizer and pesticide
  use.

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Total Quality Productivity Management (TQPM)
vs SRI

• TQPM is similar to SRI with booster
  inorganic/chemical fertilizer until the organic
  fertilizers has enhanced the micro-organism
  population in the soil community.
• The TQPM pilot techno-demo plots did show a quick
  initial response from the chemical fertilizer
  with very dark green leaves but
• SRI plots with organic fertilizer that initially
  showed yellowing leaves eventually prevailed.

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TQPM (left) SRI (Right)
Booster effect obvious
Lighter color start
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SRI Results in SPISP-Visayas 1/2
Sub-Pro-ject Area Variety/ Cooperator Spacing cm x cm Yield Tonsha-1 Net P/ha Income Water Saved
1st Attempt Wet Season 2003
Balicotoc InbredC64 Random 2.66 7,592
Rainfed but TQPM 10 x 30 3.66 11,130
Pump Assisted SRI 35 x 35 7.33 26,512 71
3rd Attempt Dry Season 2004
Magballo PSBRC 18 Random 2.70 6,443 38
Communal Hernanie 35 x 17.5 2.83 6,641 68
Irrigation Domingo 35 x 35 3.04 7,521 68
System J.E. Caldito 35 x 35 4.30 15,972 71
Anselma 30 x 30 4.73 10,757 61
Colendres 40 x 40 5.54 15,931 61
Range 2.83-5.54 6.6 16.0k
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Soil Test Results at Balicotoc Magballo SRI
Test Sites
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SRI Results in SPISP-Visayas 2/2
Sub-Project Area Season/ Cooperator Spacing cm x cm Yield Tons/Ha Net P/ha Income Water Saved
4th Attempt Wet Season May Jun 04
Magballo J. Tubola 35 x 35 3.46 12,705 N.A.
Communal R. Abelida 35 x 35 4.76 21,286
Irrigation A. Gilvero 30 x 30 5.60 27,878
Average 4.61 20,623
Range 3.46 5.60 12.7 27.9 k
5th Attempt Dry Season Jun Oct 04
Magballo J.E. Caldito 25 x 25 4.92 13,369 N.A.
Communal A. Collendres 25 x 25 4.81 15,531
Irrigation H. Domingo 25 x 25 3.54 6,157
Average 4.24 11,686
Range 3.54 4.92 6.1 15.5 k
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1st SRI Results Pilot Techno-Demo Farmsat
Balicotoc, the Visayas Schemes 1/2
Practices Spacing cm x cm Land Area Production (SacksTons) Gross Income Expenses PhP/Ha. Net Income
Farmers Practice
1 Ha.
Random
66.30 2.65
18,540
10,948 (1.69)
7,592
TQPM Techno- Demo
200 m² 0.02 Ha.
91.50 3.66
16,320 (1.68)
10 x 30
27,450
11,130
200 m² 0.02 Ha.
75.00 3.00
15,436 (1.46)
10 x 40
22,500
7,064
SRI Techno- Demo
133 m² 0.013 Ha.
125.00 5.00
29,865 (1.26)
25 x 25
37,500
7,634
133 m² 0.013 Ha.
183.33 7.33
28,487 (1.93)
35 x 35
54,999
26,512
133 m² 0.013 Ha.
154.18 6.17
26,645 (1.74)
45 x 45
46,254
19,609
Profitability (.) Gross Income/Expenses)
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2nd SRI Results at Magballo CIS, the Visayas SPs
2004 2/2
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Productivity/ProfitabilityAnalysisSRI TQPM in
SPISP
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Productivity Profitability Comparative Analysis
with SRI in Sri Lanka
Namara, R. E, et.al. (2003) Prospects for
Adopting System of Rice Intensification in Sri
Lanka A Socioeconomic Assessment. International
Water Management Institute, Kandy, Sri Lanka,.
Report No. 75
Profitability Gross Income/GrossExpense
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Updated Summary of ResultsOct.04 1/2
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Updated Summary of ResultsOct.04 2/2
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What is Next in the Immediate Future?

• SPISP is already at the System Management and
  Agricultural Development Plan Implementation
  Phase in the three core subprojects.
• The plan to extend the experiences of SRI to
  other Visayas SubProjects is expected soonest and
  a wider application of the Pilot Techno-Demo
  results is already on the drawing board.
• The socio-institutional aspects would also then
  be considered, focusing on adoption and
  dis-adoption rates cited in Namara, et. al.
  (2003) and
• Maybe a randomized complete block research if
  only to convince the unbelieving partners.

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That is all Folks!

• Thank you for your patience.

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Effective Rain vs Evapotranspiration
Water Balances in the Major Islands of the
Philippines and at SPISPs Sub-Projects
Obtained with FAOs WATPOW CLIMWAT Computer
Program
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Philippine Irrigation Statistics-2003 est.
Irrigation System Number Counted Area, ha. Served Per Cent Of Total Tons/ha Yield Crop Intensity
National 192 690,000 51 137
Communal 6,700 490,000 36 104
Pump Lift 4,000 147,000 13
Total Irrigable 10,892 1,354,000 100 ( 43) 3.70 ave.
Potentially Irrigable Hectare 3,130,000 (100) 2.00 ave.
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SRI Subproject(SP) Sites Statistics
Initial Pilot SRI Sites Service Area Ha. Rice Crop Ha. Diversified Crops Ha. Cropping Intensity
MindanaoGibong RB, SP, Caraga 2,583 4,786 380 200
Visayas Magballo SP, NeOcc 737 458 872 181
Can-asujan SRIP, Cebu Island 772 738 806 197
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Proportional Weirs with an Orifice to pass on
Conveyance Loss and a Slit to avoid standing
water collecting upstream
Gibong RB Core SP, Mindanao
Proportionate Share
Schistosomiasis Unfriendly
Maintain Uniform Water Levels
Can-asujan SP Cebu, The Visayas
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Comparative Mean Values of ET, P and Total Water
Requirements (WR)
Irrigation technique EvapoTrans- piration, mm Percolation, P, mm Totals WR, mm
Conventional Flooding 765 515 1,280
Water Saving (SRI) 689 169 858
Difference 67 346 (67) 422
Mao Zhi. (1996) Environmental impact of water
saving irrigation for rice. In M.Smith, L.
S.Pereira, Eds, Irrigation scheduling From
theory to practice. Proc. of the ICID/FAO
workshop on irrigation scheduling. 12-13 Sep.
1995 Rome (Italy). P141-146.