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Vegetative Plant Propagation

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Vegetative Plant Propagation Master Gardener Training ... Grafting (cont d.) Grafting allows gardeners to produce plants identical to a parent plant. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Vegetative Plant Propagation


1
Vegetative Plant Propagation
  • Master Gardener Training

2
What is Plant Propagation
  • Plant propagation is the process of artificially
    or naturally propagating (distributing or
    spreading) plants

3
Vegetative Propagation
  • Vegetative propagation methods include
  • Cuttings
  • Layering
  • Division
  • Grafting and budding
  • Tissue culture

4
Propagation
  • of plants by Cuttings

5
Cuttings
  • Cuttings involve removing a piece from the parent
    plant and that piece then regrows the lost parts
    or tissues.
  • New plants can be grown from parts of plants
    because each living plant cell contains the
    ability to duplicate all plant parts and
    functions.

6
Stock Plants
  • The parent plants used in asexual propagation.
  • Herbaceous cuttings
  • Softwood cuttings
  • Hardwood cuttings
  • Other forms of cuttings are leaf cuttings and
    root cuttings

7
Stock Plants (contd.)
  • High humidity, indirect light and soil
    temperatures of 70 to 80 degrees F are best for
    most cuttings

8
Trademarks
  • Trademarked plants may be marked by the symbols -
    and .
  • Trademarks remain in effect for 10 years and may
    be renewed indefinitely in 10- year increments
  • Propagation of trademarked plants may be done
    asexually by taking cuttings
  • You can use the cultivar name but cannot use the
    trademarked name such as Wave Petunias

9
Trademarks
  • Rosa 'Korlanum' is marketed under three different
    trademark names, each owned by a different
    company, SurreyTM, SommerwindTM, and Vente
    D'eteTM.

Vente Dete
Summer Wind
Surrey
10
Plant Patents
  • Propagation of patented plants in any way, shape
    or form without the owner's permission or until
    the patent term has expired, is strictly
    prohibited by federal law.
  • Patents are for 17 or 20 years and are not
    renewable.
  • Website with more plant patent details than you
    could need
  • http//www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/plant/

Jack Frost Brunnera
11
Cercis Ruby Falls (USPP 22097)
  • List of plant patents held and applied for by
    Plant Haven
  • http//www.planthaven.com/pdfs/planthavenpatentlis
    t.pdf

12
Types of Cuttings
  • Leaf cuttings
  • Root cuttings
  • Herbaceous stem cuttings
  • Softwood cuttings
  • Semi-hardwood cuttings
  • Hardwood cuttings

13
Leaf Cuttings
  • Plants that can be propagated using leaf cuttings
  • include African violets, begonias, sedum, jade
    and Peperomia.

Crassula streyi Jade plant
14
Root Formation on Leaf Cuttings
  • Leaf Cuttings
  • Must initiate both a new root and a new shoot
    system

(Auxin)
(Cytokynins)
15
Chimera
  • Cells of more than one genotype (genetic makeup)
    are found growing adjacent in the tissues of that
    plant

16
Types Stem Cuttings
  • Herbaceous
  • Softwood
  • Semi-Hardwood (greenwood)
  • Hardwood
  • Deciduous
  • Narrowleaf evergreen
  • Broadleaf evergreen

17
Stem Cuttings
  • Houseplants
  • Callus
  • No flower buds
  • Cutting 2-4 inches long with 2-3 leaves
  • Remove lower leaves (not needed in media)
  • Poke hole in media/prevents shifting of hormone
  • Rooting hormone (auxin) in powder or liquid form
  • Plastic Tent/Indirect light

18
Stem Cuttings (contd.)
Preparing the cutting
Planting the cutting
19
Herbaceous Cuttings
  • Made from non-woody, herbaceous plants
  • Herbaceous perennials, annuals
  • 3 to 5 piece of stem is cut from the parent
    plant
  • Leaves on the lower one-third to one-half of the
    stem are removed
  • High percentage of the cuttings root, and they do
    so quickly.

20
Softwood Cuttings
  • Softwood cuttings are taken from first-year
    branches
  • Late spring/early summer
  • Emerging shoots
  • However not so green that it wilts immediately
    after being cut
  • Use diagonal cut
  • Make cuttings 2 - 5 long with several nodes
  • Cuts slightly below a leaf node

21
Softwood Cuttings
  • Rooting time may vary from 7-10 days to 3-5
    weeks or more depending on genus
  • Tug test
  • Reduce mist after rooting to prevent rot

22
Semi-Hardwood Cuttings
  • Broadleaf and needled evergreens, deciduous
    trees/shrubs
  • Time varies based on cutting type
  • 3-6 long

23
Semi-Hardwood Cuttings
Type of Cutting Best Time to Cut
Broadleaf Evergreens Mid-July to early September
Deciduous Summer
Needled Evergreens September into Winter
  • Most needled evergreens benefit from cold
    temperatures

24
Hardwood Cuttings
  • Types
  • Deciduous
  • Lost leaves Oct./Nov. and carry through to late
    winter
  • Last seasons growth
  • 6-20 long
  • See methods to right
  • Bottom heat beneficial
  • Broadleaf Evergreen
  • Jan. - March
  • Needled Evergreen
  • Late fall and winter greenhouse conditions
  • 4-8 long

25
Hardwood Cuttings
Hardwood cutting
26
Hardwood Cuttings
  • Manipulation
  • Bottom heat
  • Plastic Bag
  • Winter treatment
  • Warm temperature
  • Outdoor ground beds
  • w/bottom heat

27
Hardwood Cuttings Winter Treatment
  • Cuts at a slant, 5 to 12 inches long
  • Treat with rooting hormone
  • Bundle together buried outside or in suitable
    structure with tops down in sand/sawdust or soil
    level
  • Callus
  • In spring, plant cuttings in a hotbed or other
    protected site with morning sun exposure or
    filtered light.
  • Keep cuttings moist until a root system forms

28
Root Formation on Leaf-Bud, Herbaceous, Softwood
and Hardwood Cuttings
  • Only necessary that a new adventitious root
    system be formed
  • Shoot system is already present

29
Root Cuttings
  • Take cuttings from newer root growth
  • Dormant season (Dec.-March)
  • Younger plants/closer to main stems/trunk
    better rooting
  • Roots can be dug, cleaned, fungicided and
    stored
  • Must retain polarity while storing
  • Closest to stem (proximal) straight cut and
    planted upright
  • Distal End Slanted cut

30
Root Cuttings
  • Store cuttings for 3 weeks in moist rooting
    medium at 40 degrees F.
  • Remove from storage and plant upright in the
    growing medium or horizontally in flats covered
    with ½ of medium
  • Bottom heat may prove beneficial

31
Root Cuttings
  • If root cuttings are taken during active growth,
    skip the storage period and place cuttings
    directly in the rooting medium.
  • For smaller plants, take 1- to 2-inch sections
    and place cuttings horizontally a half inch below
    the surface of the rooting medium.

32
Root Formation in Root Cuttings
  • Must initiate both a new shoot system from an
    adventitious bud as well as adventitious roots
  • Used to propagate plants that naturally produce
    suckers (new shoots) from their roots
  • Naturally free of foliar pests or nematodes

33
Plants that can be propagated by root cuttings
  • Acanthus mollis
  • Amsonia
  • Brugmansia
  • Chaenomeles speciosa\
  • Cornus stolonifera
  • Dicentra species
  • Echinops
  • Epimedium
  • Ficus carica
  • Geranium spp.
  • Hydrangea spp.
  • Malus spp.
  • Phlox spp.
  • Populus alba
  • Rhus spp.
  • Rosa spp.
  • Syringa vulgaris
  •                

34
Layering
  • Layering causes roots to develop on shoots that
    are still attached to the parent plant.
  • The stem is not cut from the main plant until it
    has rooted.
  • Simple layering is done by bending a branch to
    the ground and burying a portion of it while the
    tip remains uncovered.
  • Treatment with rooting hormone is helpful.

35
Layering, continued
  • Layering is done in early spring while plants are
    still dormant or in late summer on wood that has
    not become woody.
  • Other types of layering include compound, trench
    and mound layering.

36
Air Layering
  • Air layering can be used to propagate large,
    overgrown house plants such as rubber plants.
  • Woody ornamentals such as azalea, camellia,
    magnolia, oleander, and holly can also be
    propagated by air layering.

37
Air Layering, continued
  • For optimum rooting, make air layers in the
    spring on shoots produced during the previous
    season or in mid to late summer on shoots from
    the current seasons growth.
  • For woody plants, stems of pencil size diameter
    or larger are best.
  • Choose an area just below a node and remove
    leaves and twigs on the stem 3 to 4 inches above
    and below this point.

38
Air Layering, continued
  • With a sharp knife, make two parallel cuts about
    an inch apart around the stem and through the
    bark and cambium layer.
  • Connect the two parallel cuts with one long cut
    and remove the ring of bark, leaving the inner
    woody tissue exposed.
  • Scrape the newly bared ring to remove the cambial
    tissue to prevent a bridge of callus tissue from
    forming.

39
Air Layering, continued
  • Surround the wound with moist, unmilled sphagnum
    moss (about a handful) that has been soaked in
    water and squeezed to remove excess moisture.
  • Wrap the moss with plastic and hold in place with
    twist ties or electricians tape.
  • Fasten each end of the plastic securely, to
    retain moisture and to prevent water from
    entering.
  • After the rooting medium is filled with roots,
    sever the stem below the medium and pot the
    layer.

40
Division
  • Division is the cutting or breaking up of a crown
    or clump of suckers into segments.
  • Each segment must have a bud and some roots.
  • These segments are replanted and grow into new
    plants identical to the parent.

41
Division
  • Most perennials should be lifted and divided when
    they become overgrown and begin to lose vigor.
  • Vigorous growth in most perennials occurs on the
    outer segments of the clump.
  • Carefully dig the plant, loosening the roots and
    lifting the plant from the soil.
  • Split apart the main clump with two spades or
    forks or chop with a shovel or hatchet if the
    clump is firmly massed.

42
Division
  • In some cases outside segments of the plant can
    be removed and replanted without disturbing the
    rest of the plant.
  • A good rule of thumb is to divide fall-flowering
    perennials in spring and spring- and
    summer-flowering perennials in fall.

43
Bulbs and Corms
  • Bulbs can be propagated by removing small
    bulblets or offsets that form at the base of the
    parent bulb.
  • These small bulbs take 2 or 3 years to mature
    into plants that flower.
  • Many lilies can be multiplied by removing scales
    from the mature bulb.

Corm (Crocus)
Bulb (Tulips)
44
Bulbs and Corms
  • Place offsets in rich, light soil for their
    development, and this same procedure should be
    followed for plants which form from corms, such
    as gladiolus.
  • Dust the scale with a fungicide and place, base
    end down, in a moist growing medium in a warm,
    protected area. Bulblets will form at the base of
    the scale.
  • In 1 to 4 years these bulblets will grow and be
    ready to flower.

45
Tubers and Rhizomes
  • Tuberous plants can be dug up and the tubers
    separated.
  • In separating the tubers, each must have a
    segment of the crown that contains at least one
    eye or bud.
  • Rhizomes grow and develop buds along their
    length.
  • The rhizomes can be dug and cut into sections
    that each contain at least one eye or bud.

Rhizomes
Tubers
46
Grafting
  • Grafting involves the joining of different
    segments of two different plants of the same
    species.
  • Grafting is usually done in the spring and
    involves collecting small branches called scion
    wood
  • In grafting, the cambium layers of the two
    different segments are aligned and grow together.

47
Grafting (contd.)
  • Grafting allows gardeners to produce plants
    identical to a parent plant.
  • It also allows growers to control size and shape
    of a tree or shrub.
  • On the negative side, some grafting attempts will
    be rejected.
  • Some grafted trees or plants produce large
    numbers of suckers which can crowd out the
    desired plant or tree and are unsightly.

48
Budding or Bud Grafting
  • Bud grafting is faster, easier and less messy
    than other forms of grafting. Cambium layers do
    not need to be aligned.
  • Bud grafting is done from early July through
    early August.
  • This method uses a newly developed latent bud,
    taken from under a live leaf.

49
Micropropagation or Tissue Culture
  • Each plant cell has the potential to grow into a
    new plant exactly like the parent.
  • In tissue culture, individual or small groups of
    plant cells are manipulated so they each produce
    a new plant.
  • A tiny piece of bud, leaf or stem can produce
    incredible numbers of new plants in a small space
    in a short time.

50
Micropropagation or Tissue Culture
  • The advantages of tissue culture, in addition to
    speed and efficiency of propagation, include
    production of disease-free plants and new plants
    can be made available to the public more quickly
    because of tissue culture.
  • Absolutely sterile conditions must be maintained,
    and temperature, light, humidity and atmosphere
    are strictly controlled with electronic sensors
    and computerized controls.

51
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