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Chp 25: Human Geography of South Asia

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Title: Chp 25: Human Geography of South Asia


1
Chp 25 Human Geography of South Asia
2
4 sub regions of South Asia
  • India
  • Pakistan Bangladesh
  • Nepal Bhutan
  • Sri Lanka the Maldives

3
Differences between the northern and southern
regions of Southeast Asia
  • North
  • Development along the Ganges River
  • Rice cultivation
  • Surplus food
  • Increases in population
  • Civilization develops into kingdoms
  • Raja-head of state
  • part of the warrior class

4
Differences between the north and south
  • South
  • Geography makes unification difficult
  • Also develop caste system (future slides)
  • Spread to the coast
  • Develop sea ports and sea trading networks

5
Indo-Aryans
  • LanguageSanskrit
  • VarnasClass/caste system
  • Kshatriyaswarrior class
  • Brahminspriest class
  • Vaisyasmerchants,
  • Sudrasartisans, farmers
  • Non-Indo-Aryans
  • Untouchables
  • Created by the Purusha (universal spirit)

6
Take Five
  • Name the 3 major religions that emerged from
    Southeast Asia.

7
Hinduism
  • Brahma-the creator
  • Vishnu-the preserver
  • Siva-the destroyer
  • Essential beliefs of
  • Hinduism
  • Reincarnation
  • dharma (moral duty)
  • Karma (good or bad)

8
Hinduism
  • Vedas
  • Rig-veda
  • Preservation of all life

9
Buddhism
  • Siddhartha Gautama
  • Buddha or the Enlightened One
  • Essential beliefs
  • Four noble truths
  • 1. all human life contains suffering
  • and sorrow
  • 2. desire causes suffering
  • 3. by rejecting desire, people can attain
    nirvana, which frees the soul from reincarnation
  • 4. following the eightfold path leads to the
    rejection of desire

10
Essential beliefs of Buddhism
  • Rejected the Vedas (ancient religious texts)
  • Opposed the Brahmins
  • Rejected the Varna (caste) system
  • Theraveda way of the elders
  • Mahayana greater vehicletotal peace to live a
    moral life and then be rewarded

11
Buddhism (cont)
  • The Eightfold Path
  • right faith
  • intentions
  • speech
  • action
  • living
  • effort
  • mindfulness
  • meditation

12
Wheel of Life
13
Jainism
  • Founders 24 Jinas (those who have overcome)
  • Ahimsa-path of non-violence
  • Vegetarians
  • Based on 3 Ratnas (jewels) Right faith Right
    knowledge Right action

14
Mahavira
  • Prince Vardhaman
  • Rejected life as a prince
  • Focused on meditation and suffering for Jainism
  • Became known as Mahavira Great Hero
  • Achieves Nirvana and Moksha with death at 72
  • Celebrated as Jainism holiday

15
India
  • Early Indian civilization
  • Indus Valley 2500 BC
  • Aryans crossed the
  • mountains of Hindu Kush
  • and took control
  • of the region pushing the native
  • peoples to the South

16
Unification by the Mauryan Empire
  • Asoka the Great 321 BC
  • Unifies India and Spreads Buddhism

17
Mauryan Empire
18
Gupta Empire Takes Over
  • Chandragupta I comes to power in approximately
    330 BC and unites northern India
  • Chandragupta I is followed by sons and grandsons
    who expand more of northern and eastern India
  • Ruled until approximately 500 BC

19
Hindu culture in the Gupta Age
  • classical age
  • Advances in art and literature
  • Advances in mathematics science
  • numerals and decimal system
  • est. (pi) that the earth is spherical and
    rotates on an axis
  • Advances in medicine

20
Gupta Society
  • Expansion of the jati (caste system) system
  • The 4 stages of life
  • Mokshaliberation from reincarnationthe cycle
    of death and rebirth
  • Women in Guptan society
  • Sutteethe practice of committing suicide in the
    event husband dies (usually only the upper
    classes)

21
A Widows Self Sacrifice
22
Other Invaders
  • Central Asian Peoples
  • Muslims
  • Establishment of the
  • Mughal Empire from the
  • 1500s to the 1700s

23
European Imperialism
  • French, Dutch, Portuguese, and British make trade
    relationships with Indian chiefs
  • Great Britain ultimately successful
  • Est. British East India Co.
  • Controlled trade by 1757
  • Controlled India by 1857 called the raj
  • Controlled for 90 years despite rebellions

24
Non-violent Protest
  • Mohandas Gandhi
  • Great Britain grants independence (8-14-1947)
  • Division of India
  • Pakistan and Bangladesh separate
  • Division leads to conflict
  • Hindus vs Muslims

25
Worlds Largest Democracy
  • Effects of British imperialism
  • Federation of states (like US)
  • Prime minister (like G.B.)
  • Parliamentary democracy (like G.B.)
  • Representation from all groups Hindu, Muslim,
    Sikhs Tamils
  • Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
    (1984) by a Sikh extremist

26
Take Five
  • Complete the skillbuilder on pg. 569

27
Economy of India
  • One of worlds largest, but slowest economies
  • ½ of Indias population are impoverished
  • 2/3s are farmers
  • 5 of the population own 25 of the land (1990s)
  • Land reformredistribution of land (unsuccessful)
  • Green Revolution more successfulnew farming
    techniques and increased crop yields

28
Economy of India
  • Cotton textiles
  • Iron, steel, chemical, machinery etc
  • Major industrial cities
  • Calcutta
  • Bombay most industrialized city
  • Ahmadabad
  • Madras
  • Bangalore center for technology

29
Tradition vs Modern Ideology
  • Arranged marriages
  • Extended family groups
  • Vegetarians (religion)
  • Soccer, field hockey etc
  • Bollywood (Hollywood Indian style) Bombay

30
Indian Culture
  • Educationgrowing literacy rates
  • Many languagesmostly Sanskrit
  • Southern India4 main languages

31
Chp 25 Section 2 Pakistan and Bangladesh
32
Take Five
  • Why did Pakistan and Bangladesh break away from
    India after the British occupation?

33
Early civilization
  • Today Pakistan Indus River Valley civilization
    2500 BC
  • Sophisticated for its time period with major
    cities and irrigation systems
  • Fell to Aryans around 1500 BC and then suffered
    from other invasions

34
Partition
  • Division of India
  • India (Hindu) Muslim Pakistan (East West)
  • Conflict and violence (approx. 1 million deaths)
  • Movement of people across borders
  • Additional conflict and civil war between E W
    Pakistan
  • 1971 East Pakistan won its independence and
    became Bangladesh

35
Wally Points
  • If E and W Pakistan are both Muslim countries,
    then why did they fight a civil war?

36
Politics in Pakistan and Bangladesh
  • Attempted democraciesfailed
  • Military rule dominates
  • Political corruption
  • 1990s both countries had female prime ministers
    (a step in the right direction???)
  • Conflict, war and violence
  • Ex Kashmirfighting over territory between India
    and Pakistan

37
Economics
  • Large populations
  • Primarily agricultural based economies
  • Subsistence farming
  • Hindered by seasonal monsoons, drought, cyclones
    and low yields
  • Most productive in Pakistan through irrigation
    from the Indus River
  • Rice, cotton and freshwater fish are main
    industries for export
  • Poverty (Bangladesh one of the poorest countries
    in the world)

38
Economics (cont)
  • Small industry
  • Lack capital, resources, educated workforce and
    markets
  • Textile industries primarily
  • Cotton, wool and leather goods
  • MicrocreditBegan in Bangladesh and offered to
    small business owners (some women). Small
    business owners join together and apply for a
    joint loanmust repay the loan together.

39
Take Five
  • Complete the skill builder questions on pg. 575.

40
Wally Points
  • What do you see as potential problems with
    microcredit?

41
Religion
  • Both Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of the
    Mughal empire and therefore Muslim
  • Only about 10 of the population are Hindu
  • Practice the Muslim faith
  • Ramadan and Mosques
  • Pakistan is stricter
  • Ex Purdahseclusion of women (wearing veils)

42
Ethnic diversity
  • Pakistan has 5 main ethnic groups
  • Each has own language and culture
  • Each has own regional territory with Pakistan
  • Urdu is the official language of Pakistan
  • Bangladesh primarily one ethnic group Bengalis
  • Primary language is Sanskrit

43
Culture
  • Arranged marriages common
  • Families live together in extended family units
  • Most people are rural and live simply
  • Large cities are overcrowdedtraffic is a problem
  • Enjoy sports soccer and cricket and Bollywood!!
  • Attend mushairas (large gatherings for poetry
    readings)
  • Rabindranath TagoreNobel Prize for Literature in
    1913My Golden Bengal
  • Folk dances are popular
  • Ex Qawwalireligious devotional singing

44
(No Transcript)
45
Chp 25 Section 3 Nepal and Bhutan
46
Geography of Nepal and Bhutan
  • Isolated by Himalayas
  • Steep mountain passes and year round ice fields
  • Landlocked countriesno access to the sea
  • Plus sidemade it hard to conquer and settle
    colonies here
  • Generally remained independent throughout the
    period of European imperialism

47
Politics
  • Historically split into small religious kingdoms
  • Hindu kings (Nepal) Buddhist priests (Bhutan)
  • Todayboth are constitutional monarchies
  • Bhutan has a king as a supreme ruler (hereditary)
  • Nepal has a king with shared power by an elected
    parliament

48
Economics
  • Poor countries primarily based upon agriculture
  • Poor soil, erosion and unfertile land for
    agriculture however
  • Created terrace farming to try to help their
    situation
  • Products rice, cotton, potatoes and wheat
  • Livestock cattle, sheep, yaks
  • Timber also an industry in both countries
  • Deforestation (70 of Bhutan still retains forest
    lands)
  • Manufacturing is beginning wool and food
    processing production
  • Primary trading partner India

49
Yak.
50
Tourism
  • Fascination with the Himalayas and Mt. Everest
  • Hotels, restaurants, guided tours (Sherpa) etc
  • Rise in economy, but also increase in pollution
    and destruction of wildlife

51
Sherpa Guide
52
Culture of Nepal and Bhutan
  • Nepalseveral different ethnic groups
  • Ex Indo-Nepalese Hindus, Tibetans Sherpa's
  • Bhutanmain ethnic groupBhote (also originally
    from Tibet)

53
Religion
  • Hindu and Buddhism
  • Siddhartha Gautama born on border of Nepal and
    India
  • Mandalasgeometric designs related to Buddhist
    religion (symbolism of universe and order)
  • Monasteries ex of Buddhist architecture

54
Mandalas
55
Taktshang Monastery
56
Drametse Lakhang
57
Culture
  • Folk art and festivals
  • Archery competitions

58
Chp 25 Section 4 Sri Lanka the Maldives
59
History of Sri Lanka
  • The Sinhalesemigrants from the northern plains
    of India crossing a strait to the Islands of Sri
    Lanka around 500 BC
  • Early civilization adopted Buddhism and developed
    irrigation systems
  • The Tamilsmigrated to Sri Lanka around 300 BC
    and were Hindu
  • Sri Lanka was subjected to European imperialism

60
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Under British Rule
  • G. Britain controlled Sri Lanka from the 1700s
    to 1948
  • Sri Lanka gained its independence in 1972 and
    became a republic

61
Wally Points
  • Which groups do you think would have conflict
    with each other in Sri Lanka and why?

62
Civil War Breaks Out on Sri Lanka
  • The Tamils (minority) felt discriminated against
  • Tamil Tigers (rebel group) called for an
    independent state Tamil Eelam (Precious Land of
    the Tamils)
  • Civil War in 1980sLTTE a terrorist organization
    (invented the suicide belt according to FBI
    sources
  • May 2009 Sri Lanka declares the 26 year conflict
    over when LTTE leader was killed

63
LTTE often used women as fighters
64
The History of the Maldives
  • Settled by Buddhists and Hindus from Sri Lanka
    around 500 BC
  • Arab traders discover islands by 1100 AD
  • Arab sultans govern the Maldives and spread Islam
  • The Maldives becomes a republic in 1968
  • One of the worlds smallest independent
    countriesonly 300,000 people and 115 square miles

65
Life in Sri Lanka
  • Most people live simply
  • Small villages and family groups
  • Colombo (Capital city) is busy and urban
  • Multi-ethnic Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims,
    Christians
  • Buddhist and Hindu temples, Muslim mosques and
    Christian churches mark the landscape
  • Art and literature and festivals influenced by
    religion
  • Kandyan dancing
  • Annual Perahera festival

66
Life in the Maldives
  • Small villages and family groups
  • Multi-ethnic Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims,
    Christians
  • Official language Divehi
  • Muslim influence is strongno other religions
    allowed
  • Bodu Beru (big drum music)has strong African
    influences

67
Take Five
  • Look at the chart on pg 586who are the top three
    producers of the worlds tea?

68
Economies of Sri Lanka and the Maldives
  • Small resourcesyet, strong economies
  • Agriculturally based rice production, tea,
    rubber etc
  • Timber (deforestation), and fishing are also part
    of their economies
  • Gem mining is an industry in Sri Lanka as well
  • Tourism

69
Problems
  • Civil War
  • Disruption to infrastructure
  • Melting of ice caps causes a rise in sea
    levelscould completely disappear (the Maldives)

70
Chp 26 Section 1 Population Explosion
  • Population of India over 1 billion
  • Lack of basis resources food, shelter, water,
    clothing
  • Land mass 1/3 of the USwith massive population
  • South Asia as a whole is 22 of the worlds
    population living on 3 of the worlds land area

71
Take Five
  • Complete the skillbuilder questions on pg 594

72
Results of Population
  • Poverty
  • Poor education
  • Poor sanitation
  • Poor health education (The Ganges River)
  • Not enough

73
Take Five
  • Read pg 594what will the govt in India have to
    do to keep up?

74
  • To keep up the govt in India will have to
    provide the following each year build 127,000
    new village schools, hire 400,000 teachers,
    construct 2.5 mill. New homes, create 4 million
    new jobs, produce an additional 6 million tons of
    food

75
Managing Population Growth
  • Education to break the cycle of poverty
  • Encouraging later marriage (not 15) and smaller
    family sizes
  • Infant mortality rate high 75 deaths per 1,000

76
Chp 26 Section 2 Living with Extreme Weather
  • Monsoons
  • Summer monsoons June through Sept. vast rains
    and produce flooding
  • Winter monsoonsLittle moisture produce drought

77
Take Five
  • Complete the skillbuilder questions on pg 597

78
Cyclones
  • Cyclones come with monsoon winds creating more
    destruction
  • 1970 cyclones killed 300,000 people
  • Economic impactalready not enough food and this
    devastation creates more poverty
  • International aid creates overwhelming debt

79
Create a mental map
  • Place in your portfolio
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