Evolution vs. Science

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Evolution vs. Science the Bible(Lesson 7)

• Part I The Age of the Earth
• Part II Dinosaurs

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AGE OF THE EARTH
Dating Rocks and Fossils
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The Atom

• Fundamental unit of matter
• Made up of components called subatomic particles
• Proton (positive charge)
• Neutron (no electrical charge)
• Electron (negative charge)

Nucleus
Electron
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Carbon-14 Dating

• Used only on organic material
• Cannot be used to date rocks
• Maximum age limit about 60,000 years

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What Is Carbon?

• Carbon-14 is also referred to as
• C-14
• Radiocarbon
• Types of carbon (isotopes)

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Unstable isotopes (Atoms)
An atom is generally stable if the number of
protons equals the number of neutrons in the
nucleus
Atom (Isotope) Protons Neutrons
Stable Carbon 6 6
Stable Nitrogen 7 7
Stable Oxygen 8 8
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What is Radioactive Decay?
The nucleus of an atom (decays) changes into a
new element

• The proton number (atomic number) must change

How long does this take?
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What is Half-Life?

• The rate of decay is measured by how long it
  takes for half an element to decay (half-life)

• The half-life of C-14 is 5,730 years

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Half-Life Illustration
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How Carbon-14 Is Produced
Cosmic Rays (radiation)
Collision with atmosphere (N14)
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Carbon-14 Life Cycle
Cosmic radiation
Carbon-14 is produced in the atmosphere Carbon-14
decays into Nitrogen-14
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Starting the Carbon Dating Clock

• Once a plant or animal dies the clock starts

Organism dies No more C-14 intake
C-14 continues to decay
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How the Carbon Clock Works
The C-14 dating method relies on measuring the
amount of C-14 in the fossil
Three Scenarios

1. There is a lot of C-14 remaining in the fossil
2. There is very little C-14 remaining in the fossil
   
3. There is no detectable C-14 in the fossil

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What We Need to Know
What do we need to know to determine how many
half-lives have expired?

1. How fast it decays (measured in half-lives).
   This is known (5,730 years).
2. The starting amount of C-14 in the fossil.

A critical Detail
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Understanding the Starting Point
Illustration

• You enter a room and see a burning candle

• The candle is burning at 1 inch per hour
• How long has the candle been burning?

We need to know the starting amount of C-14
We need to know the starting height of the candle
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Determining the Starting Amount

• There are two types of carbon used in the dating
  process C-12 and C-14

• C-12 is a stable isotope (it does not decay)
• When an organism is alive it has the same ratio
  (C-12 to C-14) that is found in the atmosphere
  (1-trillion to 1)

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A Critical Assumption

• Has the ratio of C-12 to C-14
• always been the same (1-trillion to 1)?

This is a key assumption

• If this assumption is true then carbon-14 dating
  is a reliable dating method
• If this assumption is false then carbon-14 dating
  is not a reliable dating method

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Factors Affecting Carbon-14 Dating
Factors that would cause dates to appear older
than they actually are include

• Cosmic ray penetration of the earths atmosphere
• The CO2 levels in the atmosphere
• The Genesis Flood

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Atmospheric Levels of Carbon

• The Genesis Flood buried much carbon from living
  organisms to form coal and oil

• This buried carbon (mostly C-12) is about 100
  times the total carbon in the present biosphere

What does this mean?

• The CO2 level in the pre-Flood biosphere was
  different (a higher ratio of C-12 to C-14)
• C-14 dates using the present ratio of C12/C14
  will give incorrect ages ages that are too old

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C-14 and Recent Dates
R. E. Taylor, Major Revisions in the Pleistocene
Age Assignments for North American human
Skeletons by C-14 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry,
American Antiquity, Vol. 50, 1985, pp. 136-140.

• Ancient human skeletons, when dated by the new
  Accelerator Mass Spectrometer technique, give
  surprisingly recent dates. In one study of eleven
  sets of ancient human bones, all were dated at
  about 5,000 radiocarbon years or less.

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Carbon-14 Summary

• Carbon-14 can only be used to date organic
  material
• Carbon-14 dating accuracy is dependent upon a
  consistent ratio between C-12 and C-14
  (equilibrium)
• The assumption of equilibrium is FALSE
• There are factors that can affect C-14 in the
  atmosphere (Genesis Flood)
• Ancient fossils as well as coal contain C-14
  residue

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Radioisotope Dating Methods
Dating Rocks
What are they and how do they operate? What is
the basic perception? How accurate are they? Are
there any hidden assumptions?
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Radioactive Decay
Decay
Decay
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Radioisotope Dating

• Used to date igneous and metamorphic rocks
  (basalt)
• Cannot be used on sedimentary rocks (limestone,
  sandstone, and shale)

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Four Assumptions

1. The starting amount of daughter element is known

1. All the daughter element is due to radioactive
   decay
2. The sample was always in a closed environment
3. The decay rate has always been constant

Parent Element
Daughter Element
Argon
Potassium
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Examples of Dating

• Sunset Crater, Northern Arizona
• Potassium-argon 200,000
• Reality AD 1065
• Lava flows at Mt. Ngaurhoe, New Zealand
• Potassium-argon 275,000
• Reality 1949, 1954, 1975
• Hualalai basalt, Hawaii
• Potassium-argon 1.4 22 million
• Reality AD 1801
• Mt. Etna basalt, Sicily
• Potassium-argon 140,000 350,000
• Reality 1972

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Examples of Dating

• Rocks that were created since the 1980 eruption
  of Mount St. Helens dated up to 2.8 million years
  old

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Radioisotope Dating
John Morris, Ph.D. Geology, The Geology Book,
2000, p. 52.
Reliability and Consistency

• When the same rock is dated by more than one
  method, it will often yield different ages. And
  when the rock is dated more than one time by the
  same method, it will often give different
  results.

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Scientific Evidence
for a Young Earth
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Conflict in Dating

• In 1993 scientists found wood (trees) buried in
  basalt flows (69 feet deep)

• Wood samples sent to two laboratories to be
  carbon-14 dated

44,000 years

• Basalt sent to two laboratories to be
  potassium-argon dated

45,000 million years
69 feet deep
Wood encased in basalt
Wood embedded in lava flow (basalt)
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Helium in the Atmosphere

• Uranium ultimately decays into lead

• During this process helium atoms are formed

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Helium in the Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Not enough helium for an old earth
He
He
Radioactive Decay
Helium atoms
He
He
He
He
He
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Evidences for a Young Earth

• Helium in the Earths atmosphere
• Nuclear decay rates (Radioisotope dating)
• Sodium in the oceans
• Erosion of continents
• Sediments in the ocean
• Decay of the Earths magnetic field
• Carbon-14 ratio in the atmosphere
• Population statistics
• Recession of the moon
• Many more ..

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Conclusion Five Facts

1. The earth has not been scientifically proven to
   be billions of years old

1. The Bible teaches a literal 6-day creation
2. Many scientists believe in a literal 6-day
   creation about 6,000 years ago
3. New evidence from nuclear decay supports a young
   earth model
4. There are many scientific evidences for a young
   earth

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DINOSAURS
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Dinosaurs

• interesting to many people of all ages
• subject of many movies
• Jurassic Park series
• Disneys Dinosaur, Land Before Time, etc.
• subject of many books
• childrens books
• science books
• subject of much speculation and misinformation
• often used to propel evolutionary dogma

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Why Teach On Dinosaurs?

• majority of young people have been taught
• that dinosaurs lived 230 million years ago and
  became extinct 65 million years ago
• that man began to live 2 million years ago and
  did not coexist with these creatures
• that death, disease, and blood shed existed for
  millions of years before man

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Why Teach On Dinosaurs?

• pertains to the Bible
• relevant to our understanding of creation and the
  world in which we live
• of interest to all
• either tools used for atheism or special creation

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Misinformation

• Some say dinosaurs never existed
• ignores all fossil evidence
• ignores historical evidence
• archeological
• literary

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The Creature, Not The Term

• dinosaur is a relatively new term
• Sir Richard Owen issued the term dinosaur in 1840
  after studying some Iguanodon and Megalosaurus
  fossils
• deino (terrible) sauros (lizard)

called dragons rather than dinosaurs
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Dinosaur Groups

• Theropods
• Two-footed meat-eaters (T-rex)

Sauropods Four-footed plant- eaters (Apatosaurus)
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Long Necks
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Argentinosaurus
100 tons, 100 feet long
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Stegosaurus
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Horned Dinosaurs
Triceratops
Height 9 feet Length 26 feet Weight 14,000
pounds (7 tons)
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Dinosaurs With Big Teeth
Tyrannosaurus rex
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How Big Were Dinosaurs?

• The average size was about the size of a small
  pony
• Seismosaurus and Argentinosaurus were over 100
  feet long and weighed about 100 tons

Blue whale 200 tons
Supersaurus 100 tons, 130 feet long
Ultrasaurus 100 tons, over 100 feet
long Brachiosaurus 55 tons, 75 feet
long Tyrannosaurus 8 tons, 20 feet
tall African elephant 5 tons
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Dinosaur Footprints
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Not All Dinosaurs Were Big
A small dinosaur
Height 24 inches Length 40 inches Weight 8
pounds
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How Fast Were Dinosaurs?
Estimated speeds

• Stegosaurs About 15 mph
• Tyrannosaurus About 20 mph
• Olympic runner About 25 mph
• Triceratops About 20 mph
• Horse 45 mph
• Lion 45 mph
• Cheetah 65 mph

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New Dinosaur Find

• A mummified dinosaur carcass was found in Montana
  (duck-billed hadrosaur)

• Soft tissues covering 90 of the fossil include
  muscle, nail material, a beak, and skin were
  preserved
• The last meal in its stomach was preserved

A salad of ferns, conifers, and magnolias,
seasoned with pollen from 40 different plants
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Are Dinosaurs Mentioned in the Bible?
Job 4015-18

• Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee he
  eateth grass as an ox. . . .
• He moveth his tail like a cedar . . .
• His bones are as strong pieces of brass his
  bones are like bars of iron.
• He is the chief of the ways of God

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Behemoths Lifestyle

• eats grass (v. 15)
• mountains yield food (v. 20)
• docile, all the beasts of the field play there
  (v. 20)
• dwells in marshes (v. 21)
• prefers shade (v. 22)
• is not spooked at danger
• 23 Behold, if a river overflow, he trembleth
  not He is confident, though a Jordan swell even
  to his mouth.
• 24 Shall any take him when he is on the watch,
  Or pierce through his nose with a snare?
  (American Standard Version)

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Leviathan A Dinosaur

• his outer coat impenetratable 4113, 15-17,
  26-30
• his size gracefully, yet fearfully large4112,
  25
• his teeth terrible4114
• his neck strong4122
• his breath fire4119-21

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Extra-Biblical Evidence For the Coexistence of
dinosaurs with men

• ROCK SOLID EVIDENCE!

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Dinosaurs and People

• Many traditions of large dinosaur-like creatures
• Ancient drawings (petroglyphs)

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PETROGLYPH
a well-weathered petroglyph of Havasupai Canyon,
AZ
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Dragons and History
Many historical accounts of large dinosaur-like
creatures
Pliny, Natural History, 70 AD

• Africa produces elephants, but it is India that
  produces the largest, as well as the dragon

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Herodotus 450 BC

• There is a place in Arabia, situated very near
  the city of Buto, to which I went, on hearing of
  some winged serpents and when I arrived there, I
  saw bones and spines of serpents, in such
  quantities as it would be impossible to describe.
  The form of the serpent is like that of the
  water-snake but he has wings without feathers,
  and as like as possible to the wings of a bat
  Historiae, 2, 75-76.

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Map from the Middle AgesGenoeses 1457 World Map
(The Rhamphorhynchoid Pterosaur, Scaphognathus
crassirostris A "Living Fossil" Until the 17th
Century, John Goertzen, MS)www.anzwers.org
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Dragons and History
Aelian, De Natura Animalium, 220 AD

• The Phrygian History also states that dragons
  are born which reach ten paces in length

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More of the Same from Rome
A sketch of a dragon that was said to have
existed near Rome in 1691. Note two featherless
wings, reptilian tail, head crest, long neck,
wings in front of legs matching the fossil of
Scaphognathus crassirostris (chart 42)
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Figurines from Acambaro Mexico
Ankylosarus
(800 BC 200 AD)
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Other Art From Mexico
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The Point

• stories of dragons aremore than likely stories
  of dinosaurs that existed with men
• many of these ancient legends are exaggerations
  of dinosaurs thatroamed the earth and of
  terrifying reptiles that ruled the skies and
  seas

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Do You Believe Dinosaurs Went on The Ark?

• Do you believe God created all land animals on
  day 6 (Gen. 124, 25)?
• Do you believe 2 of every kind of land-creature
  went aboard Noahs ark (Gen. 619, 20
  78, 9 819)?
• Dinosaurs were land dwellers therefore, they
  were created on day six and went aboard the ark
  (Job. 4015)

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Dinosaurs on the Ark
And of every living thing of all flesh, two of
every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep
them alive with thee they shall be male and
female. (Genesis 619)
Dinosaurs were on the Ark and they came off the
Ark
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About Dinosaurs Being Too Large To Fit In The
Ark. . .

• it seems that God would have used younger
  creatures rather than fully grown ones
• the average size of dinosaurs (known collectively
  from fossil record) is that of a sheep or small
  pony

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What Happened to the Dinosaurs?

• Dinosaurs starved to death

• They died from overeating
• They were poisoned
• They became blind from cataracts and could not
  reproduce
• Mammals ate their eggs
• Other causes include-volcanic dust, poisonous
  gases, comets, sunspots, meteorites, mass
  suicide, constipation, parasites, shrinking brain
  (and greater stupidity), slipped discs, changes
  in the composition of air,

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The Popular Theory

• 65 million years ago a meteor destroyed all the
  dinosaurs

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Meteor Impact Theory

• Layer of iridium located at the northern end of
  Mexico's Yucatan peninsula (Chicxulub)
• Buried a kilometer below ground and dated at 65
  million years old

Alleged meteor impact
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Evaluating the Evidence 1

• Why did the alleged impact kill off the dinosaurs
  while many other forms of life remained healthy?

• Some of the least mobile creatures (tortoises,
  snakes, crocodiles) and the most sensitive to
  climatic change (birds, fish) are still with us
  today.
• Plants also survived the cataclysm in great
  abundance.

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Evaluating the Evidence 2

• It is not certain that Chicxulub is an actual
  impact site. The iridium concentration in the
  region could have resulted from volcanic
  processes.

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The Mystery of Dinosaurs

• the subject of dinosaurs are shrouded in a
  mystery only if you accept the evolutionary story
  associated with them
• evolved 230 million years ago
• their roam ended by some catastrophic event
  (i.e., asteroid hitting the earth) 65 million
  years ago
• PROBLEM why did crocodiles, snakes, turtles
  remain?

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Bible Answer to Dinosaurs

• existed 6000-10000 years ago
• created with man
• dinosaurs were land animals
• all land animals were created on day 6 (Gen.
  124ff)
• therefore dinosaurs were created on day 6
• representatives of all kinds (including dinosaur
  kinds) went onto the ark 4500 years ago

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Bible Answer to Dinosaurs

• they came off the ark to live in the present
  world along with man and every other kind of
  creature
• the effects of the flood and the curse of sin
  have greatly changed our world from the world in
  which Noah lived
• since the flood, many kinds of animals have died
  out because of disease, environmental factors,
  lack of food, killing themselves, overly hunted
  by other predators, etc.
• such is what happened to dinosaursthere is no
  mystery!

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Conclusions About Dinosaurs

• The evolution story is based on faith not real
  evidence

• The Bible teaches that people and dinosaurs lived
  at the same time
• The evidence (fossils) supports the Biblical
  claim
• Created after their kind
• People and dinosaurs lived at the same time