Satrio Pratomo*

1
RISK MANAGEMENT

• Satrio Pratomo
• Pusat Kajian dan Terapan Kesehatan dan
  Keselamatan Kerja Universitas Indonesia
• BP Tangguh Sr. SHE Manager

2
Difinisi

• RISK The chance of something happening that
  will impact on objectives.
• Risiko Peluang untuk terjadinya sesuatu yang
  akan mempunyai dampak yang berpengaruh terhadap
  pencapaian tujuan.

3
Difinisi

• Hazards is a source of potential harm or a
  situation with the potential to cause loss.
• Bahaya adalah suatu sumber potensi kerugian
  atau suatu situasi dengan potensi yang
  menyebabkan kerugian/ kehilangan.

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Pengertian

• Risk Hazards X Exposure X Probability

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Hirarki Pengendalian

• Risiko di tempat kerja dikurangi dng. Prioritas
  sbb
• Pengendalian Rekayasa (Engineering Control)
• Pengendalian secara Administrasi Praktek
  pengoperasian (SOP) .
• Alat Pelindung Diri (APD/PPE).

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Risk Management

• Aplikasi kebijakan menejemen prosedur u/
  memaksimalkan kesempatan dan meminimalkan
  kerugian (LOSS)
• Aplikasi kebijakan menejemen, prosedur praktek
  (practices) u/ Identifikasi, Analisa, Evaluasi
  dan Menangani risiko.
• Menejemen dlm. Suatu iklim ketidak pastian.

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Safety is managing risk to avoid or minimize
loss or injury.
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Risk Management

• Pro- Aktif
• Sistimatis
• Berdasarkan Fakta-2 dan Analisa Logika
• Memperhitungkan kenyataan kenyataan politis yg.
  Lain.

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Why ..

• Untuk memperbaiki pengambilan keputusan pd.
  Setiap tingkat mgm.
• Keputusan berdasarkan analisa, ketimbang
  perasaan, keberanian.
• Untuk mencegah kejadian yg. Tidak diharapkan/
  tdk.direncanakan.
• Menejemen perubahan yg. Efektif.
• Membuat kesempatan yg. Paling baik.

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Hazards Analysis Tools

• HAZOP
• FMEA
• Fault Trees
• Even Trees
• Decision Trees
• JSA (Job Safety Analysis).

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Proses Menejemen Risiko
Tentukan Konteks
1
Identifikasi Risiko
2
Monitor Review
Analisa Risiko
3
Assess Risks
Evaluasi Rangking Risiko
4
5
Treat (menangani) Risiko
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Hierarchy of Risk Reduction

• ELIMINATION is more powerful than
• PREVENTION is more powerful than
• CONTROL is more powerful than
• MITIGATION is more powerful
  than
• EMERGENCY RESPONSE

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Analyzing Risk
LOW
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Reducing Risk
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Document

• BU maintain hazard registers with corresponding
  risk ranking

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Whats the purpose?

• Hazard Identification
• What can go wrong?

• Consequence Evaluation
• How bad?

• Frequency Estimation
• How often?

• Risk Criteria and Assessment
• So what?

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Risk Tools Pyramid
Business
Process
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Proses Menejemen Risiko

• 1.Tentukan konteks kegiatan
• 2.Apa yg. Akan terjadi ? Bagaimana dpt. Terjadi ?
• 3.Tentukan Kemungkinannya, Konsekuensinya dan
  sekaligus tentukan tingkat risikonya.
• 4. Bandingkan thd. Kriteria yg. Telah ditentukan
• 5.Evaluasi pilihan penangannya, persiapkan
  rencana penangannya, laksanakan rencananya.

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Konteks

• Difinisikan Ruang lingkup
• Difinisikan, keterpaparan risiko secara umum
• Analisa
• Evaluasi
• Ambil Tindakan (take action)
• Monitor

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HAZARD ANALYSIS(General definition)

• The identification of undesired event, that leads
  to the materialisation of the hazard
• The analysis of the mechanisms by which those
  undesired event could occur
• The estimation of the extent, magnitude and
  relative likehood of any harmful effects

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RISK
THE PRODUCT OF THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH AN
EVENT IS ANTICIPATED TO OCCUR AND THE CONSEQUENCE
OF THE EVENT OUTCOME RISK FREQUENCY x
CONSEQUENCE
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INDUSTRIAL RELATED DEFINITIONS
Hazard An inherent physical or chemical
characteristic of a material, system, process or
plant that has the potential for causing
harm. Chemicals provide additional hazards due to
the toxic, flammable, explosive, and reactive
hazards. Risk For episodic events, risk is a
function of probability and consequence. Risk
Analysis Quantitative estimate of risk Risk
Assessment Results of risk analysis are used to
make decisions.
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Safety Base procedure that was designed for
minimizing the frequency and consequences of
hazardous event and could be adjusted with the
target for the activity concerned.
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Safety Goals

• Prevent
• Death/injury to workers
• Death/injury to the general public
• Damage to the facility
• Damage to surrounding property
• Damage to the environment

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Industrial Accident

• Many potential dangerous chemical substances
  (risk)
• Death or personal injury
• High potential magnitude of the occured
  explosion
• Financial loss occured after disaster accident
  (loss, damage or destruction of property other
  than the product itself)
• Health-care continuous exposure to error
  (impact)

02 Loss Exceeding 50M include Gas, plant
fire, Kuwait 150M Refinery fire,
Japan 75M Power station flood,
Washington State 70M
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FLIXBOROUGH, UK (1974) CYCLOHEXANE INDUSTRIAL
DAMAGES 28 Deaths, 128 Injures, 450 Million Lost
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Hazard Evaluation

• What is a hazard?

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Hazard Evaluation

• PSIM relates to hazards that can cause major
  accidents (different from BP 8 Golden Safety
  Rules)
• Process hazardsLEAKS, FIRES, EXPLOSIONS
• Logistics hazardsSHIPS, RIGS, VEHICLES AND
  HELICOPTER COLLISIONS.
  BIG LIFTS (dropped objects)
• Natural hazardsEARTHQUAKES, HURRICANES,
  LIGHTNING, EXTREME LOW
  TEMPERATURES, FOREST FIRES
• Security hazards.TERRORISM, SABOTAGE

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Process safety disasters new regulations
Phillips Pasadena US 1989. 23 fatalities
Flixborough UK 1974 27 fatalities
Piper Alpha UK, 1988,167 fatalities
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Algerian disaster, January 2004
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Ship and rig collision hazards
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Earthquake in Japan, Nov 2003
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Unsafe spacing of storage tanks
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Hazards of lightning
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Hurricane damage to BP platform
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Hazard Evaluation key concepts

• Major accident
• Hazard identification..risk assessment
• Inherently safer design
• As low as reasonably practicable (ALARP)
• Safety critical equipment (SCE)

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Hazard barrier diagram
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Recognizing Hazards
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What are we trying to avoid?

• Barriers put in place between initiating event
  and accident

• Barrier failure/weakness visualized as holes

• Accident occurs when all barriers fail...

CONSEQUENCE
HAZARD
TOP EVENT
BARRIERS
ESCALATION CONTROLS
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Team exercise barrier diagram

• Turn to page 16 in your workbooks

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Hazard barrier diagram
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Major accident

• Death of two or more people
• Long-term or widespread damage to the
  environment (up to 2 years)
• Major costs or loss of revenue (gt US 10
  million)
• Adverse headlines in international media
  publicized prosecution

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Major Hazard Risk Matrix
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Example of MAHA matrix
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Cassia platform, Trinidad
30 export gas riser beneath accommodation
module. No subsea check or block valve. 60km
pipeline to shore. Pressure 900psig. Condition of
riser in splash zone unclear. Critical
inspections and maintenance WOs overdue.HIGH RISK
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ALARP
EXPENDITURE
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Indonesia major accident scenarios?

• Ship collision into manned platform
• Fire from gas export riser between topside ESDV
  and sea surface, manned platform
• Rupture of subsea oil pipeline
• Lightning strike and fire of condensate tank
• Pig launching / receiving leak / fire

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Which is inherently safer?
In your teams find 5 differences between these
cans and decide which design is the safer.
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Which is inherently safer?
Carbon steel dry gas line
Stainless steel wet gas line
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Inherent safety design (ISD) concepts
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Inherent safety offshore exercise

• Manning
• Platform orientation
• Location of crane
• Location of risers
• Approach routing of pipelines
• Welded-in versus flanged valves
• Platform layout separation / segregation
• Minimisation of hydrocarbon inventory
• Pressure rating of process piping and equipment
• Location of riser ESD valves and design of
  actuators

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Tangguh Platform Inherent Safety Goals

• Minimise inventory
• Minimise potential leak paths
• Minimum corrosion by use of suitable materials
• Minimise erosion intervention by minimizing
  sand production
• Minimise spec. breaks and relief systems
• Maximise natural ventilation
• Keep the design and operating activities simple
• Use best available technology
• Minimise helicopter flights
• Minimise processing
• Maximise reliability
• Eliminate fabric maintenance
• Minimise inspection, maintenance and intervention
• Minimum number of wells
• Casing and well internals to last for lifetime
  w/o services and well entry
• Eliminate hazardous well activities
• Max design such platform incidents do not
  endanger drilling rigs
• Minimise Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPS)
• Minimise manning requirement

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Platform inherent safety features
NUI with no overnight accommodation to avoid
personnel exposure
Pig launcher optimization to avoid line blockage
Deluge challenge to simplify and avoid
congestion and maintenance
No helicopters philosophy to minimise hazards
CRA piping to eliminate corrosion
No platform power generation to avoid hazardous
storage and operations
Open layout and grated decks to increase gas
dispersion
Topsides rated for WHSP to simplify and avoid
overpressure
No hydrocarbon processing to reduce leaks and
inventories
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INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT CASE
2.0 Billion in losses
On the night of the July 6th 1988, aseries of
explosion ripped the Pipper Alpha Platform
appart, kiliing 167 people and only 61 people
survived
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Daily incidental Statistics
OSHA
FAR
FR

Chemical Industry
0.49
4
Steel Industry
1.54
8
Coal Mining
2.22
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Agriculture
4.53
10
Staying at Home
3
-5
Traveling by Car
57
17 x 10
Rock Climbing
4000
4 x 10
-5
-5
20 Cigarettes / day
500 x 10
-11
Struck by Meteorite
6 x 10
-7
Struck by Lightning
1 x 10
-7
Fire
150 x 10
-7
Run over by Car
600 x 10
OSHA Occupational Safety Health Administration
incidence rate per 100 worker years 200,000 h
exposure
FAR Fatal Accident Rate
fatalities per 1000 employees and entire life
108 h exposure
FR Fatality Rate
per person per year (exposure poorly defined)

50 by chemical exposure
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Chemical Plant Accidents
Hazard Economic Loss
Hazard Fatalities
Risk
Fire High Low
Intermediate
Explosio Intermediate
Intermediate High
Toxic Release Low High
Low
Injury
Property Damage
None
None
Accident Pyramid
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Defeating Accidents
DESIRED EFFECT
PROCEDURE
STEP
Step
Desired Effect
Initiation
Grounding, bonding
Diminish
Inerting
Explosion proof electrical
Guardrails and guards
Maintenance procedures
Hot-work permits
Human factors design
Process design
Awareness properties chemicals
Propagation
Diminish
Emergency material transfer
Reduce inventories of flammables
Equipment spacing and layout
Nonflammable construction materials
Emergency shut-off valves
Termination
Increase
Firefighting
Relief systems
Sprinklers
Emergency shut-off valves
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