Main Idea Notes Main Idea - the idea that most of the passage covers; the basic point that the author wants to convey to the reader.

1
Main Idea NotesMain Idea - the idea that most
of the passage covers the basic point that the
author wants to convey to the reader.
2
Main Idea NotesSupporting Details - The
sentences that explain, describe, or support the
main idea.
3
Main Idea NotesWhen looking for the main idea
of a passage, ask yourself these questions
Why did the author write this passage? What is
the point he/she is trying to make? What is
the passage mostly about? What idea is conveyed
in the passage?
4
Main Idea NotesOne important thing to
remember is that a main idea and a topic are
not the same thing. The main idea is a specific
point the author is making, while the topic is
the general idea of the passage.
5
Authors Purpose NotesTo Determine Authors
Purpose Attitude-look for hidden
meanings-think about the words used-think about
the author's life and events
6
Authors Purpose NotesQuestions to ask yourself
about the author's attitude 1. What is the
author's purpose in writing? (to entertain,
inform, express, or persuade)2. Has the
author presented all sides of an argument?
7
Authors Purpose NotesQuestions to ask yourself
about the author's attitude 3. If so, is the
article balanced toward all points of view or
biased toward one point of view? 4. Are there
enough facts to support each side?
8
Authors Purpose NotesQuestions to ask yourself
about the author's attitude 5. Can you trust
what the author says? Does the author use words
that have a lot of emotion?
9
Authors Purpose NotesHints to help you
determine the purpose of a passage1.
Entertain - Does the writing make you laugh?
Tell you stories? Keep you interested?2.
Inform - Does the writing give you information?
Does it answer questions that you have?
10
Authors Purpose NotesHints to help you
determine the purpose of a passage3. Express
- Does the writing share a belief or opinion
with you? Does it use feeling words? Does it
use the word "I"?
11
Authors Purpose NotesHints to help you
determine the purpose of a passage4. Persuade
- Does the writing try to make you think a
certain way about a topic? Does it ask you to
change your mind, support an idea, buy
something, or act in a certain way?
12
Summarization Notes-A summary is a shorter way
to tell the events or details of a passage.
-Only the most important details are conveyed
in a summary.
13
Summarization Notes-A summary allows the
reader to see what the passage is about.
14
Explaining Persuasive Text
15
What is Persuasion?

• When you persuade someone, you convince them to
  agree with your side of an issue. As you prepare
  a persuasive argument (when you write), keep
  these things in mind

16
1. Know your audience

• Identify exactly who your audience will be, what
  they already know about the topic, and what you
  want their response to your argument to be.

17
2. Know how to reach them

• Can your audience best be reached through a
  written or audiovisual presentation? Will you
  have better results through supplying facts and
  figures or through an emotional appeal? Should
  your tone be formal or personal?

18
3. Know your stuff

• Do your homework. Have all the information you
  need, organize it in the most convincing fashion
  you can, provide plenty of support, and polish it
  before you present it.

19
4. Know your opposition

• There really are two sides, or more, to every
  story, so acknowledge counter-arguments. This
  helps build trust between you and your audience
  and allows you to weaken your opponents'
  positions by anticipating them.

20
5. Be respectful

• It's important to be respectful even when
  disagreeing with an opponent. You should never
  use words like "stupid," "crazy," "dumb," or
  "ridiculous." Using disrespectful words weakens
  your credibility and adds nothing to your
  argument. You end up looking like the "stupid"
  one.

21
6. Don't state the obvious

• Never conclude an argument with something like
  "This is my opinion on ___________." Of course
  that's your opinion otherwise you wouldn't write
  it! As with all types of essays (not just
  persuasive), every sentence should add something
  important to your paper. Such empty sentences are
  unnecessary and weak. What do such sentences
  contribute?

22
Persuasive Techniques

23
Propaganda is the systematic spread of
information that reflects or supports a certain
viewpoint or bias. Governments will often use
propaganda during a war to rally citizens to
oppose the enemy.

24
Name Calling - The name-calling technique is used
when a person, or an idea, is called something
negative. The object of using this technique is
to get the audience to reject the person or idea
based on this negative symbol.

25
Name Calling It keeps the audience from
looking at available evidence. Calling someone a
"terrorist" is an example of name calling

26
Glittering Generality - Glittering generalities
is the opposite of name calling. It involves
using positive words like good, proper, right,
democracy, and patriotism to get the audience to
approve a person or idea. It also keeps the
audience from examining evidence.

27
Transfer - The transfer technique is used when
the authority or prestige of something generally
respected is transferred to something the
propagandist wants the audience to accept.

28
Transfer For example, many people respect
doctors. If the propagandist succeeds in getting
a doctor to approve a product, he or she is
transferring the doctor's authority to that
product. Therefore, the audience would accept a
product that may otherwise be rejected.

29
Loaded Words - Loaded words and phrases are those
which have strong emotional overtones or
connotations. They are used to trigger an
emotion in the reader.

30
Loaded Words Words like weeds and
oppression are loaded with negative
associations. The following sentence is used to
make the reader feel dislike toward the
lawbreakers These lawbreakers are weeds that
need to be pulled out of our society!

31
Peer Pressure - Peer pressure happens when a
friend or social peer tries to convince you to do
something based on your relationship with them.
The friend may threaten to end the friendship if
you do not agree.

32
Stereotyping - Stereotyping is taking a quality
of one individual and applying it to every
individual in the group. Let's say you have a
tall friend who is great at basketball. If you
decide that all tall people are good basketball
players based on your one friend, you are
stereotyping.

33
Stereotyping Be on the watch for stereotypes
authors might use on purpose or without even
knowing it.

34
Testimonial - The testimonial technique involves
using a third party endorser to speak on behalf
of an idea or a cause.

35
Testimonial The testimonial device often
involves phrases beginning with "my doctor said,"
"Tiger Woods said," "the Chicago Tribune said,"
etc. Testimonials are often used in ways that are
unfair and misleading.

36
Testimonial The most common misuse of the
testimonial involves citing individuals who are
not qualified to make judgments about a
particular issue. For example, a Hollywood star
may not be qualified to speak on the merits of a
political candidate.

37
Euphemisms A euphemism is a mild, indirect, or
vague term that is substituted for one considered
harsh, blunt, or offensive. It is used to pacify
or calm an audience.

38
Euphemisms "Defense Department" is a euphemism
for War Department. Visually challenged" is a
euphemism for "blind.

39
Bandwagon - The bandwagon technique basically
says, "Everyone else is doing it, so you should
too." Since few of us want to be left behind,
this technique can be quite successful.

40
Fact and Opinion
41
Fact and Opinion

• To be a good reader, you should be able to tell
  the difference between a fact and an opinion.

42
Fact and Opinion

• Figuring out facts from opinions is something you
  do already.
• You may do it without even knowing it.

43
Fact

• A fact is a statement that you can check or prove
  with evidence (proof).
• This evidence may be in what someone says,
  something you see, or something written in a book
  or text.

44
Fact

• In other words, a fact is something that can be
  proven.
• Facts are usually found in newspapers, textbooks,
  and news shows on television.

45
Examples of Facts

• Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the
  United States.
• The sun is 93 million miles away from Earth.
• The restaurant's hours are nine to five.

46
Examples of Facts

• Heather thinks that the best team in the NBA is
  the Dallas Mavericks.

47
Opinion

• An opinion is a statement that cannot be proven
  true or false.
• Opinions are what people believe, feel, or decide
  about something.

48
Opinion

• An opinion cannot be proven right or wrong.
• Opinions are usually found in editorials, letters
  to the editor, and in debates.

49
Examples of Opinions

• Ronald Reagan was one of the best presidents the
  United States has ever had.
• That movie was cool!
• Computers are confusing.
• Blue is the prettiest color.

50
Examples of Opinions

• The book was great.
• People should not use cell phones when driving.
• Dallas has the best team in the NBA.

51

• Some people get confused about these types of
  statements.
• You could ask Heather if she likes the Mavericks,
  and she could tell you it's a fact that she likes
  them.
• You could prove that she likes the Mavericks just
  by asking her.

52

• In other words, it is a fact that Heather has an
  opinion about the Mavericks.
• If she said, "Dallas has the best team in the
  NBA," it would be an opinion.

53
Directions and Procedures

• Informational Text

54
Directions

• A list of the sequence of steps needed in order
  to complete a task.
• What are some examples of tasks that require a
  set of directions?

55
Following Instructions

• This requires attention to detail!!
• For Example
• How much of something? Measurements 2 cups, 2
  tsp
• How long? Time days, hours, minutes, seconds

56
What Order?

• Doing things in a certain order can be very
  important. Knowing when to do something will help
  you use the directions successfully.

57
What not to do?

• Directions often times tell us what not to do.
  Following these are also really important.
• Read all information carefully and slowly.

58
Tips for Following Directions

• Consult directions for materials needed before
  beginning the task.
• First familiarize yourself with the sequence of
  steps in the directions.
• Look over any diagrams and labels before getting
  started.

59
Tips for Following Directions

• Look over any diagrams and labels before getting
  started.
• Follow each step in order without skipping any of
  the steps.

60
Tips for Following Directions

• Save all directions in a designated place for
  later reference.
• Ask for help if you have questions or are
  confused by any part of the directions.

61
Functional Text

• Forms and Applications

62
When filling out forms and applications

1. You should always read the entire form very
   carefully.
2. Check to make sure you have written the proper
   information in the proper location.
3. Make sure your writing is legible.

63
Common Information on Applications

• Name
• Address
• Contact Information
• Birth Date
• Previous Experience
• References

64
Different Types of Forms

• Warranty A Guarantee to the purchaser by a
  company stating that the product is reliable
  and free from defects and that the seller will,
  without charge, repair or replace the product
  within a given time limit and under certain
  conditions.

65
Different Types of Forms

• Contract An agreement between two or more
  parties, especially one that is written and
  enforceable by law.

66
Authors Technique NotesInformational Text
67
Authors Technique Notes-A challenging but
important task for the reader is to figure out
the author's opinion, purpose, and attitude.
-Since the author may not directly state his or
her purpose, the reader must look for hidden
meanings.
68
Authors Technique Notes -The reader must look
for underlying assumptions and recognize bias,
emotional language, or propaganda that the
author uses to make his or her point.
69
Authors Technique Notes Questions to ask
yourself about the author's techniques 1. What
is the author's purpose in writing? (to
persuade, entertain, inform, direct)
70
Authors Technique Notes 2. Has the author
presented all sides of an argument? 3. If so,
is the article balanced toward all positions or
biased toward one?
71
Authors Technique Notes 4. Is there enough
evidence to support each side? 5. Is the
evidence reliable and convincing?
72
Authors Technique Notes 6. Does the author use
words that convey emotion? 7. Does the
article seem to present propaganda?
73
Organizational Features NotesInformational Text
74
Organizational Features Notes-Images are often
accompanied by captions. -A caption is a short
description of an illustration. -It gives
additional information about a topic, describes
the subject of the picture, and shows how it
relates to the article.
75
Sources -The places where you find information
-It is very important to name (or cite) the
sources you use when you write a report
-Plagiarism is when you copy someone else's
work or use their ideas without giving them
credit. - use quotation marks if you used
someone else's exact words.
76
Citing Sources -Footnotes list sources or
additional information in the order the writer
used them in the report. -Credit pictures with
a note right under the picture.
77
Works Cited Page (also called a Bibliography)
at the end of your report. in
alphabetical order by the author's last name.
include the author, title, type of source, and
date.
78
Headings -give the reader clues about what he
or she will find in the text below it.-If the
reader is trying to locate a specific fact, he
or she can look at the headings to figure out
where to find the information. -He or she does
not have to read the entire article to find the
information he or she needs!
79
Headings -If a writer is covering a lot of
information, headings can be helpful in
organizing that information.-Think of headings
as "titles" and subheadings as "mini-titles."
80
Organizational Features Glossary- an
alphabetical list of special words and their
definitions usually found at the back of a
textbook or other nonfiction book. Index - a
list of all the key words in the book and their
page numbers in alphabetical order and usually
found at the back of the book.
81
Organizational Features Preface -an
introduction to a book -to see what the book is
going to be about -to find out how it will be
organized. -usually written by the author, but
not always.
82
Organizational Features Appendix - the extra
information that appears at the end of a book
to add to and explain the material in the
chapters. Bold print - used for titles,
headings, and subheadings. -used to point out,
or call your attention to, a particular word or
main idea.
83
Organizational Features Keywords - words that
you use to look up a topic in an index, library
catalogue, or Internet search engine. -must be
specific and clearly relate to the topic.
-should not be too broad or general
84
Interpreting Graphic FeaturesNotesInformational
Text
85
Tips for reading maps and graphs1. Read the
title of the map or graph first. -This will
help you understand what the map or graph is
displaying.
86
2. Read the text on or around the map or graph
(if any). -This will help you understand the
type of information that is on the map or graph.
3. Identify what type of map or graph you are
looking at. -Get familiar with the different
types of maps and graphs.
87
Types of MapsPhysical maps - show the
Earth's land forms and bodies of water. -Uses
lines, shading, tints, spot elevations, and
different colors to show elevation. -Shows the
difference between mountains and lowlands.
88
Types of MapsPolitical maps - show
boundaries that divide cities, states, and
countries. -Some show the boundaries by
printing the areas in different colors. -For
example, world maps usually show each country in
a different color.
89
Types of MapsTopographic maps - use lines to
show the shape and elevation of the land.
Road map - helps travelers go from one place
to another. -Some show only interstate highways,
while others show a detailed network of roads,
including the back roads.
90
Types of GraphsBar graphs represent
variables that are distinct and unconnected
between data points Line graphs - represent
variables that have continuous intervals that
are unbroken sequences (e.g., growth of a plant)
91
Types of GraphsPie Chart - an excellent way
to show how the sizes of the parts compare to
each other and the whole.