8th Grade Semester One English Exam Review

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8th Grade Semester One English Exam Review

• To be used in conjunction with review handout and
  your textbook.

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Nouns
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Nominative Objective Case Nouns

• The best source to study for this is your packet.
  
• Page one covers your Nominative Case Nouns (S,
  SC, DA, Appos).
• Page two covers your Objective Case Nouns (DO,
  IO, OP, Appos).

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Nominative Case Nouns can be found on pages 251
252 in your textbook.
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Nominative Case Nouns Subject Where They
are usually at the front of the sentence in front
of the verb. What They are the noun or
nouns that do the verb. Clue Find the
verb and ask who or what is doing it.
Example Susan walked three miles to her
home. Subject Compliment Where They are
always behind the linking verb toward the back of
the sentence. What They are nouns that
restate the subjects in front of them.
Clue Find the subject and verb and ask the
question who or what, look behind the l
linking verb for the answer.
(Remember, these can not be in prepositional
phrases.) Example My sister is the girl
in the third row. Direct Address Where
They can be in the front, middle, or end of the
sentence. What They are the nouns
(usually people) that are being spoken to in the
sentence. Clue Most direct addresses are
people, and commas always set them off.
Example Go to the store, Sarah, and buy some
bread. Appositives Where They are
always directly behind the noun they replace. (No
verb is between them). What
They are nouns that repeat or restate a noun in
front of them. Clue They are similar to
subject compliments without the linking verb
between them, and commas sometimes set
them off. Appositives in the Nominative
case can restate subjects and subject
compliments Example Joseph, my
neighbor, gave me a ride to school.
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Objective Case Nouns - These can be found on
pages 257-258 in your textbook.
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Nouns in the Objective Case Direct Object
Where They are behind the action verb.
What They are nouns that receive action from
the verb. Clue Find the subject and verb
and ask who or what, look behind the verb for
the answer. (Remember DOs can not be
in prepositional phrases). Example Tony
received the award for his speech. Object of
Preposition Where They are the noun or
nouns located behind the prepositions in the
prepositional phrases. What They are nouns
that complete the prepositional phrases.
Clue You must know your prepositions!! Ask who
or what after your preposition. Example
Jenny went to the store yesterday. Indirect
Object Where They are behind the action
verb and in front of the direct object. What
They are nouns that receive the direct object
from the subject. Clue Find the verb and
direct object and ask to whom or for whom,
Look behind the verb and in front of the direct
object for the answer. You will NOT have an
indirect object without a direct object, and
they can never be in prepositional phrases.
Example The teacher gave the class a
test. Appositives Where They are directly
behind the noun they replace. (There is no verb
between them. What They are nouns that
repeat or restate a noun in front of them.
Clue They are similar to subject compliments
without the linking verb between them, and
commas sometimes set them off. Appositives in
the Objective case restate direct objects,
objects of the prepositions, and indirect
objects. Example I gave the bone to Spike,
my friends dog.
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Possessive Nouns

• You add s to all singular nouns to make them
  possessive. Ex glasss
• You add s to all plural nouns that dont end in
  s to make them possessive. Ex childrens
• You add just an to plural nouns that already
  end in s to make them possessive. Ex boxes

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Possessive rules can be found on the third page
of your packet on page 254 of your textbook.
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Plural Rules for Nouns

• The many different rules for making nouns plural
  can be found on pages 246-248 in your textbook.

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Proper Common Nouns These rules can be found
on page 241 of your textbook.
Proper nouns are words that name a specific
person, place, thing or idea. Proper nouns are
capitalized so the reader can tell them apart
from common nouns. Common nouns do not name a
specific person, place, thing or idea. Common
nouns are not capitalized unless they are at the
beginning of a sentence or part of a title.
Proper - George Washington
Common man Proper - White House
Common - building Proper -
United States Constitution Common -
document
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Concrete Abstract Nouns These rules can be
found on pages 242 243 of your textbook.
Concrete nouns are words that represent objects
one can see, hear, touch, smell, taste with the
senses. Abstract nouns are anything one cannot
literally see, hear, touch, smell or taste.
Examples Concrete Noun Heart, Flag Abstract
Noun Love, Patriotism
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Collective Nouns These can be found on page
242 of your textbook.
Collective nouns, a special class, name groups
things composed of many members.
Ex armyaudienceboardcabinetclasscommitteec
ompanycorporation Each noun from the list above
is a single thing.
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Pronouns
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Person of Pronouns This can be found in your
packet or on page 268 in the text book
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Number of Pronouns This can be found in your
packet or on page 268 in the text book
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Case of Pronouns This can be found in your
packet or on page 269 - 273 in the text book
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Personal Pronouns Nominative
Case ( ____ baked a
cake) Singular
Plural I

We (1st person) You

You (2nd person) He, She, It
They (3rd
person) Objective Case (Mary
baked a cake for ______) Singular

Plural Me
Us (1st
person) You You
(2nd person) Him, Her, It
Them (3rd
person) Possessive Case (That was ___
cake. The cake was ____) Singular
Plural My, Mine
Our, Ours (1st
person) Your, Yours
Your, Yours (2nd
person) His, Her, Hers, Its
Their, Theirs (3rd person) Remember First
person person speaking Second person person
spoken to Third person person spoken
about Nominative parts of speech Subject,
Subject Compliment, Direct Address,
Appositive Objective parts of speech Direct
Object, Indirect Object, Object of Preposition,
Appositive Possessive part of speech Adjective
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Compound Pronouns These can be found on page
278 of your textbook.

• Compound Pronouns are also called reflexive and
  intensive pronouns.
• They are the words myself, yourself, himself,
  herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
  themselves.
• EX
• I gave myself plenty of time to get to work.
• You should let yourself into the house.

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Interrogative Pronouns These can be found on
page 281 282 of your textbook.
Interrogative pronouns take the place of nouns in
questions. Interrogative pronouns include the
words who, whom, which and what Who
Subject Whom Object Ex Who is at home? Whom
did you ask over? (you is the subject)
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Relative Pronouns These can be found on page 284
285 of your textbook.
Relative pronouns are used to link adjective
clauses to other phrases or clauses. The relative
pronouns are who, whom, that, which Who
Subject Whom Object Ex The girl who sits
behind me is talkative. The boy whom we invited
is arriving. (we is the
subject)
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Demonstrative Pronouns These can be found on
page 289 of your textbook.
The four demonstrative pronouns are this, that
singular these, those. plural A demonstrative
pronoun identifies and specifies a noun or
pronoun. They point to something Vanna White
pronouns.
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Indefinite Pronouns These can be found on page
290 of your textbook.
An indefinite pronoun refers to something that is
not definite or specific or exact. Some plural
indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, few,
many, some, several. You can replace these with
THEY to get the right verb. The singular
indefinite pronouns are anybody, anyone,
anything, everybody, everyone, everything,
nobody, none, nothing, somebody, someone,
something You can replace them with HE and get
the right verb.
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Distributive Pronouns These can be found on page
291 of your textbook.
Distributive Pronouns are used distributively.
They are each, either, neither. These are
always singular and can be replaces by HE to
get the correct verb.
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Pronoun Subject Verb Agreement Rules

• Page 275 Pronouns after than or as (The
  pronoun behind must take the same case as the
  word it is being compared to.)
• Ex The girl is as tall as (he, him). subject
  form
• Page 279 Agreement of Compound Pronouns (They
  must agree in number with the antecedent.)
• Ex Susan asked (herself, themselves) a question.
• Page 282 Who or Whom as Interrogative Pronouns
  (who subj., whom obj.)
• Ex Who do you like? Whom did you ask
  that question?
• who subject you
  subject, so whom object

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Pronoun Subject Verb Agreement Rules Cont..

• Page 285 Who or Whom as Relative Pronouns (who
  subject, whom object)
• Ex The girl who is tall is nice. (Who
  subject)
• Ex The boy whom we like is nice. (We
  subject)
• Page 292 Distributive Indefinite Pronouns
  (all distributives singular, each, either,
  neither can replace with he.)
• (Indefinites that end with one, thing,
  or body are singular can replace with he.)
• Avoiding Double Negatives
• Ex I didnt do (anything, nothing).

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Adjectives
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Position of AdjectivesThis is found on page 305
in your text book.
Adjectives can be In front of the word they
modify That is a tall tree. A subject
compliment behind a linking verb That tree is
tall. Directly behind the word it modifies The
tree, tall and green, is an Elm.
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Descriptive AdjectivesThese can be found on
page 303 of your textbook.
These are words that describe a noun. They
could be said to answer the question what kind
of. Ex That is my favorite book. My
new car is blue. The loud music isnt to
my taste.
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Articles These can be found on page 308 of your
textbook.

• The three article are a an the
• Definite article is THE
• Indefinite articles are A AN

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Demonstrative Adjectives These can be found on
page 309 311 of your textbook.

• This That These Those
• Singular This, That
• Plural These, Those
• Close This, These
• Distant That, Those

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Possessive Adjectives These can be found on page
309 of your textbook.

• These are formed from possessive pronouns.
• My, mine,
• our, ours,
• your, yours,
• his, her, hers, its,
• their, theirs

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Distributive Adjectives These can be found on
page 309 of your textbook.

• Each, Either, Neither, Every

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Indefinite Adjectives These can be found on page
309 of your textbook.

• These represent an indefinite number.
• Examples some, few, many, several, all etc.

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Interrogative Adjectives These can be found on
page 309 of your textbook.

• These ask a question.
• which, what, whose

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Positive/Comparative/Superlative Adjectives
These can be found on page 313-315 of your
textbook.
Positive is describing one thing.
Ex strong, interesting Comparative
is describing two things Ex
stronger, more/less interesting Superlative is
describing more than two things. Ex strongest,
most/least interesting
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Verbs
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Simple TensesThese can be found on pages 338 of
your textbook.
Present (today I) jump sing
Past (yesterday I) jumped
sang Future (Tomorrow I) will jump
will sing
Passive Voice (Tense is determined by helping
verbs) Present is, am, are, jumped is,
am, are, sung Past was, were, jumped
was, were sung Future will be jumped
will be sung
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Perfect Tenses (Compound) These can be
found on page 340 of your textbook.
Present Perfect have, has jumped
have, has sung Past Perfect had
jumped had sung
Future Perfect will have jumped
will have sung
Passive Voice Add a form of be Present
Perfect have, has been jumped
have, has been sung Past Perfect had
been jumped had been
sung Future Perfect will have been jumped
will have been sung
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Progressive Tenses- Pg. 342 These always have a
verb ending in ing
Present Progressive is, am, are, jumping
is, am, are,
singing Past Progressive was, were
jumping was,
were singing Future Progressive will be
jumping will
be singing
Notice the tense is determined by the helping
verbs
Passive Voice Move the ing to the additional
form of be. Present Progressive is, am, are,
being jumped
is, am, are, being sung Past Progressive
was, were being jumped
was, were being sung Future Progressive
There is no form of this
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Regular/Irregular Verbs These can be found on
page 323 of your textbook.
Regular verbs are verbs that you add d or ed
to from the present to the past tense. Ex jump
jumped carry carried waste
wasted Irregular verbs are verbs that you do
anything else to from the present to the past
tense. Ex sing sang take took
choose chose
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Active/Passive Voice These can be found on page
335 of your textbook.

• In active sentences, the thing doing the action
  is the subject of the sentence and the thing
  receiving the action is the object.
• Ex Susan baked a cake.
• In passive sentences, the thing receiving the
  action is the subject of the sentence and the
  thing doing the action is optionally included
  near the end of the sentence.
• Ex The cake was baked by Susan.
• Passive voice will always have a form
• of be as a helping verb.

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Troublesome Verbs These can be found on pages327
- 329 of your textbook.
SIT To sit means to take a resting position.
There is no object of this verb. sit sat
have sat SET - Set must have a direct object.
It means to place something in a position. set
set have set
Lie means that the (subject) is doing something
to himself or herself. lie lay have
lain Lay means that the subject is acting on
something else therefore, it requires an
object. lay laid have laid
Raise is transitive, it needs a direct object.
You do it to something else. raise raised
have raised Rise is intransitive, it doesnt have
a direct object. You do it to yourself. rise
rose have risen
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Troublesome Verbs Cont. These can be found on
pages327 - 329 of your textbook
Bring vs. Take He brings his lunch to work
every day. emphasizes movement in the
direction of the destination. bring brought
have brought She takes her lunch to work
every day. emphasizes movement away from the
starting point take took have taken
Leave as a verb means to depart or to go away.
leave left have left Let as a verb
means to allow or to permit. let let
have let
BORROW needs an object, you get something from
someone else. LEND needs an indirect object a
direct object, you give something to someone
else.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs These can be found
on pages 331-332 of your textbook.
The meaning of a transitive verb is incomplete
without a direct object as in the following
examples The shelf holds three books. The
committee named a new chairperson. An
intransitive verb, on the other hand, cannot take
a direct object. The shelf holds. The committee
named.
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Action/Linking Verbs These can be found on page
333 of your textbook.
Linking Verbs
Common Linking Verbs
State of Being or State Verbs   Forms of to be Forms of to be
feel grow   is were
taste remain, stay,   am be
look seem   are being
smell sound   was been
appear become,      
Action Verbs do an action Ex jump, run,
ask Linking verbs have a subject compliment She
is tired. It smell beautiful.

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Subject/Verb Agreement Rules These can be found
on pages 350-360 of your textbook.
There is a pod cast of all the subject/verb
agreement rules on the classroom Wiki page in the
audio/video page link. https//mjanes8.wikispace
s.com/
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Subjects Joined by andPage 354

• When the subject of a sentence is composed of two
  or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, You
  almost always should use a plural verb. You can
  replace the subjects with the pronoun they, and
  you will always get the right answer.
• Ex She and her friends (is, are) at the fair.
• Answer They (are) at the
  fair.

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Exceptions to That Rule

• Rarely, but sometimes, two subjects joined by and
  represent one object. If that is the case, you
  should use a singular verb. You can replace the
  subjects with he, she, or it, and the sentence
  will work.
• Ex Ice cream and cake (is, are) my favorite
  dessert.
• Answer It (is) my favorite
  dessert.
• since the SC one dessert, then the subject must
  be singular.

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Compound Subjects Preceded by Each, Every, Many
a, or NoPage 355

• When you have two subjects joined by and but
  preceded by each or every, many a, or no,
  you should use a singular verb. You can replace
  the subject with he, she, or it and it will
  work.
• Ex Every aunt and uncle (was, were) at the
  reunion.
• He (was) at
  the reunion.
• Ex Each lion and tiger (is, are) dangerous.
• It (is)
  dangerous.

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Subjects Joined by or or norPage 355

• When a compound subject is joined by or or
  nor, the verb should agree with the part of the
  subject that is nearer the verb.
• If it is singular, replace with he, she, or
  it.
• If it is plural replace with they.
• Ex The boy or his friends (runs, run) every day.
• They (run)
  every day.
• Ex His friends or the boy (runs, run) every day.
  
• He (runs) every day.

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Sentences Beginning with There

• In sentences beginning with there is or there
  are, the verb agrees with the word/words that
  follows the verb.
• Ex There are many questions.
• Ex There is a question.

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Collective NounsPage 357

• Collective nouns are words that imply more than
  one person but that are considered singular and
  usually take a singular verb, such as group,
  team, committee, class, and family. You can
  replace the subject with he, she, or it.
• Ex The class (want, wants) a recess.
• He (wants) a recess.

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Singular Indefinite PronounsPage 358

• The indefinite pronouns that end in one,
  body, or thing are always singular and,
  therefore, require singular verbs. You can
  replace them with he, she or it and it will
  always work.
• Ex Everyone (has, have) done homework.
• He (has) done homework.

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Plural Indefinite Pronouns

• Plural indefinite pronouns such as some, many,
  few, several, are plural and can be replaced with
  they to use with the plural verb.
• Ex Several of the girls (swim, swims) on the
  team.
• They (swim) on
  the team.

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Distributive PronounsPage 358

• The pronouns each, neither and either are
  singular and require singular verbs even though
  they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two
  things. You can replace it with he, she, or
  it and it will work.
• Ex Neither of the two traffic lights (is, are)
  working.
• 
  It is working.
• Ex Either shirt (is, are) fine with me.
• It is fine with me.

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Phrases between the Subject Verb Page 352

• You should ignore any phrases between the subject
  and verb, remembering to just look at the
  subject.
• Ex Everyone of the girls (is, are) tired.
• She (is) tired.
• Ex Melody, as well as her sisters, (like,
  likes) running.
• She (likes) running.

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Special Singular SubjectsPage 359

• Some nouns that may look plural actually use a
  singular verb. They can be replace with he,
  she, or it and it will always work. Ex
  aeronautics, athletics, civics, economics,
  mathematics, physics, measles, mumps, news,
  molasses.
• Ex Mumps (is, are) contagious.
• It (is) contagious.

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Special Plural Subjects Page 359

• Some other nouns are always considered plural and
  should be used with a plural noun. You can
  replace them with the pronoun they and it will
  always work.
• Ex pincers, pliers, scales, scissors, shears,
  tongs, tweezers, clothes, glasses, trousers,
  suspenders, ashes, proceeds, thanks
• Ex The pliers (are, is) in the shed.
• They (are) in the shed.

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Good Luck!