Title: Hot issues and future prospect of the school English curriculum and material development
1Hot issues and future prospect of the school
English curriculum and material development
- ??????????????
- ??????????
2Controversial issues ??????
- Language instrumental and humanistic features
?????????? - Language and culture ?????
- Structure, topic and function ????????
- Language knowledge and language use
- ?????????
- Authenticity and practicability ??????????
- Listening and speaking vs. reading and
writing????? - 7. Use of the mother tongue and the target
language - ?????????
- 8. Foreign language and other subjects ???????
- Imported and local textbooks ?????????
- Prospect of future teaching and development of
teaching materials ?????????????
3- Language instrumental and humanistic
- features ??????????
- ??????????????????
- ????????????
- ??????,???????????????
- ?????????,????????????????????????,?????????????,?
?????????????????,??????,????????,????????????,???
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4- ?????????????(???)
- ?????????????(???)
- ???????????????(???)
- ??????????????(????)
- ??????????(??)
5- ?????????
- (Moral educational objective)
- ???????????
- (Affective educational objective)
- ??????????
- (Instrumental objective)
6 Moral education and language teaching
- Lessons learnt from history ?????
- Do you think the present textbooks have achieved
the objective?
ME is contained in language teaching ????????????
(l986)
Overemphasis On Moral education
Overlook language And culture
Learning a foreign lge may further the
development of students mentality, affective
attitudes and values as well as integrative
humanistic accomplishment. ???????????????????????
????(2003)
7????
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???(???????????103?)
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???????????????(???????????111?)
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11- ??????????,????????,????????????????,?
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??????????????,??????????????????????????????(???,
2010)????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????,???????????????????,???????????????
!(???,2011)
12?????????
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- 3. ????????,??????????
- 4. ??????????????,????,?????????
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13????,?????????,??????
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14- ?? ???????????????????????????????????
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15- ??????????,??????????
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16- ?????????????,??????????????????????,????
???????????, ???????????????????????????????,
?????????????????????? - (???,2010)
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17????
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18 Language communication and language humanistic
features
- Language is an instrument for communication, but
being used by humans it has humanistic
features.????????,?????????? - Many of these coursebooks concentrated on the
linguistic and analytical aspects of lge learning
and failed to tap the human beings potential for
multidimensional processing. They made
insufficient use of the learners ability to
learn through doing things physically, to learn
through feeling emotion, to learn through
experiencing things in the mind. (Tomlinson,
2003) - ??????????????,??????????????????????,?????????
??????????????????????????????
19- The most important factor in learning is affect.
(Arnold, 1999) - ????????????
- Language learners need to relax, feel at ease,
develop self-confidence and self-esteem, develop
positive attitudes towards the learning
experience and be involved intellectually,
aesthetically and emotionally. (Tomlinson, 1998) - ??????????????,??????????,????????????,????????
???????????????? - One of the best ways to achieve the objectives
mentioned so far is to use literature as a means
of stimulating multidimensional mental activity
during language learning. Unfortunately most
coursebooks rarely use literature and when they
do, they usually ask learners to read the text
carefully and then answer comprehension questions
on it. As a result, the text has little impact
on their minds, their lives or their language
acquisition. (p.168) - ???????????????????????????????
???,???????????,??????,????????????,??????????
????????????????????????????
20Contradictive views on the use of
literature????????
- Supporting ideas ????
- Literature is well established in the curriculum
and its presence is rarely questioned.
????????????,??????????? - Children and literature is a natural match.
???????????? - Representational language is needed once Ss have
gone beyond the survival level. - ??????????,?????????????
- Story content can invite children to share their
own experiences. ??????????????? - Different idea ????
- Literature has little practical application. It
imposes challenges on the learner. ??????????????
21What does literature mean???????
- By literature, I do not mean the classics of the
literary canon but rather well-written texts
which narrate, describe, argue or evoke in ways
which encourage the reader to respond in personal
and multidimensional ways, and which leave gaps
for the reader to fill in. (Tomlinson, 1994) - ????????????????????,?????????,????????????????
????,?????????????,???????????? - Ideally these texts (especially for lower grades)
are linguistically simple but cognitively and
emotively complex. - ???????,???????????,????????????????
22- ??????????????????
- ?,??????????????????
- ???, ?????????????,??
- ????????????????????
- ???????,????,????????
- ???????????
- ??The story line in JEFC,English Plus
23- What is the role of literature in FLE teaching?
- Is there a place for literary texts in the
learner-centered, communicative EFL class? - If so, what is meant by literary texts and how
should they be approached in the classroom?
What?
When?
How?
How much?
Compare 1980s SE NSEC
Number of texts 46 170
Percentage of literary works 57 (26) 29(50)
242. Language and culture
- ??????????,???????????????????????,??????
????????????????????????????????????????,?????????
????,???????,?????????????????,?????????????,?????
????????(1993?????????)
25- ????????????????????????????????????????????
,?????????????,????????????,???????????????????,??
???????????(2000????????????) - Language and culture are inextricably
intertwined The lge they are using is the result
of social and historical circumstances which give
it resonance and meaning. In this sense,
cultural awareness becomes not the 5th skill, but
the first skill. (A. Pulverness) - ?????????????????????????????,?????????????,???
????????,???????
26 Language and culture
- Language learning and cultural learning should be
combined. ?????????????? - The materials should be multicultural rather than
being centred on the culture perceived to be the
host culture of the language being learned.
(Tomlinson) - ?????????,????????????????
- The need for cultural localization of materials
If the materials are inappropriate in the local
learning situations, they cannot interest the
teachers and learners or convince them to believe
in the methods. - ???????????????????????,???????????,?????????
??????
27Why do we use cultures instead of culture?
???????????????
- Culture as a whole way of life, embracing all
the behaviors, symbols, beliefs and value systems
of a society-a more egalitarian view of culture
against linguistic neoimperialism - ???????????,????????????????????????????,
?????? - The consideration of cultures rather than
culture was given by sociologists or
psychologists investigating the behavior of
people functioning subcultures or small
cultures. - ??????????????????????,????????????????
???????
28- The world Englishes framework has opened up
a pluralist perspective on English(es), allowing
us to talk of many Englishes, allowing us to
move away from the central varieties (Br, Am,
Aus) in order to look at English across a much
wider spectrum. (Kachru, 2005)????????????,???????
???????,??????????,?????????(??,??,??????)????? - What do you think of Chinese English? Do you
think it belongs to the world Englishes? - ????????????????????????
- Cultural learning is seen as an integral
part of language education and not restricted to
the cultural studies lesson. - ????????????????,???????????????
- What proportion do you think Chinese culture
should account for in the English materials? - ????????????????????
29(No Transcript)
303. Structure, topic and function????????
- Structural approach ???
- Coursebooks are based on a linear model of
language learning, leading from the simple to the
more complex as reflected in the graded grammar
syllabuses. Materials are selected mainly from
literary works. ?????????????,??????,?????????????
????????? - Standard English language but learners cannot
apply what they learn in real life.
????????????????
31- Structural-Functional Organization ??-???
- a form of organization to meet the needs of
beginners for orderly progression and grading in
terms of difficulty and the broader requirements
of a functional/notional syllabus - ???????????,?????????????????????????????
- More attention to language function but not
enough attention to culture ??????,????????
32- Topic, structure, function plus TBL approach
????????????????? - Stress on holistic and purposeful
communication learning generic skills through
language student autonomy teacher as manager
and helper developing Ss creative thinking - ??????????????????????????????????????????
?????? - Teaching materials tend to be more difficult
to cope with. - ??????????
- Which approach is appropriate to Chinese
schools? - ???????????
334. Language knowledge and use
- ?????????????,?????????????
- ????????????????????????????
- ???????????????,??,??????,?????????????
- ???????????,??????,????,?????
34Problems in contemporary teaching ???????
- In remote and less advanced areas, knowledge/
teacher-centered clr teaching is still dominant.
- While emphasizing lge function and authenticity,
- there is a tendency of ignoring lge form.
- Overstressing genuine tasks and neglecting
essential language practice - Emphasizing students constructing lge system, the
teacher doesnt teach knowledge and overlooks Ss
mistakes. - As a result of shortage of teachers support,
students have difficulties in carrying out tasks.
35Methodological Trends in the world (Bao Dat,
2003)??????????
- Communicative revolution became less extreme
during the late 20th C. Form and use in language
teaching should not be mutually exclusive.
Motor-receptive skills and interaction skills
should be combined. - ??????20????????????????????????-???????????
???????? - A gradual transfer from a strictly communicative
focus toward a more balanced view in teaching
both grammar and communication, justified on the
grounds that form and use are not necessarily two
opposing areas. - ?????????????,??????,?????????,????????????????
??????
36Revolution without R??????
- Comparing the 3 phases of textbooks, we
may find that we have undergone a big change in
our approaches to teaching English. However, this
change is not as radical as a revolution. It is a
gradual evolving process from tradition to
modern, and it is not difficult to discern that
the new derives from the old. While advocating
sth new, we keep sth traditional but effective. I
believe that innovation is made on the basis of
inheritance. - ????????????????????????
- ??(??????)?????????,??????,??????????????
,?????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????
????????,????????????????????,????????????????? -
37The five-step teaching method?????
38TBL used in G3 textbooks?????????????????
- Three kinds of exercises/activities ????/??
- Non-communicative language exercises
- more often seen in G1????????,????????
- Communicative language exercises
- commonly seen in G2 ???????,????????
- Task-based activities ?????,????????
- in G3
39The strong and weak versions of TBL???????????
- The strong version school believes that the
TBLT mode is different from the PPP mode while
the weak version school believes that all
activities that can promote lge learning can be
thought as tasks. Tasks can be divided into
enabling and communicative tasks. Skehan (1996)
pointed out that the classroom teaching process
of the weak version is not much different from
the process of the PPP mode. The former also
needs presentation and practice phases, and the
only difference lies in that tasks rather than
mechanical repetition are involved in the
production stage. - ???????????????3P????,???????????????????????
??????????????????(????????????)???????Skehan?
?????????????????3P?????????(?????)???????????????
??????,?????????????????????? - Littlewood (2004) used a very clear table to
illustrate this issue. - Littewood?????????????
40???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????
???????,????,??????????,????,??????? ????,????????,????????????????? ?????????????,????????????,?????????? ???????,??????????????,???????????,? ???????,???????? ???????,?????????????,?????????,??????????,???
?? ?? ?? ??
????? ????? ????? ?????
41Focus on forms Focus on meaning Focus on forms Focus on meaning Focus on forms Focus on meaning Focus on forms Focus on meaning Focus on forms Focus on meaning
Non-com-municative learning Pre-commu-nicative lge practice Commu-nicative lge practice Structured communication Authentic communication
Focusing on the structures of lge, how they are formed and what they mean, e.g. substitution exercises, discovery awareness-raising activities Practicing language with some attention to meaning but not communicat-ing new message to others, e.g. question-and-answer practice Practicing pre-taught language in a context where it communi-cates new information, e.g. information-gap activities or personalizedquestions Using language to communicate in situations which elicit pre-learnt lge, but with some unpredictability, e.g. structured role play and simple problem-solving Using language to communicate in situations where the meanings are unpredictable, e.g. creative role-play, more complex problem-solving and discussion
Exercises Exercises tasks tasks
Enabling tasks Enabling tasks Communicative tasks Communicative tasks
42G3 textbooks renovate teaching method??????????
- The five-step method had a great impact on the
ELT in Chinas schools, but is it effective now?
???????????? - Yes, but it needs to be upgraded to suit the
requirements of the present curriculum, textbooks
and teaching. ??,?????? - The constructivist and TBLT conceptions should be
adopted to renovate the five-step method.
????????,???????,????
43Modern Approach to ELT in China(??????5P????)
Presentation Observing Discovering Learning
Acquiring ??(???????????)
Preparation Activating Brainstorming ??(????)
Practice Learning by doing ??(???)
5Ps
Assessing Progress Enriched experience ????(????)
Production Thinking Expressing ??(?????)
44??P??????????????????
- Preparation ??
- ???????????(Revision),?????????????????????,??
???,???????????????, ???????????,????????,????? - Presentation ??
- ????????????,???????,?????????????????????????
??????????????????????,?????????????,????????????
??,????,??(acquiring)???(learning)????
45- Practice ??
- ???????????(drilling)???(practice)?????,????
???????(??????)???????,????????????? - Production ??
- ???????????,???????(target task),?????????,???
?????? - Progress ??
- ????????????????????????????,?????????,?????
46Development of teaching methodology
Structural approach ???
Structural-Functional approach ??-???
PPP
5-Step method
Communicative Approach ???
5-P Mode
TBLA
475. Authenticity and practicability(????????)
- Should texts be authentic? ????????
- One side argument The other side
argument - Simplification contri- False learning
can vance facilitate learning.
deny the Ss chance - Simplified texts focus Ss for inf learning
and the - attention on the target lge development of
self- - features. Esteem.
- ???????????????????????????????????
- ??????????????????,???????????
- Can you find a good way to solve the problem?
???????????? - Example from Irma K Ghosn p.294
48- S1 What do you do in your free time?
- T Now you answer him.
- S2 I watch TV.
- T Next. Now you tell us about her activities.
- S1 She watch
- T She
- S1 She watches TV.
- T Now you.
- S3 What do you do in your free time?
- S4 I play video games.
- T Now you tell us about his activities.
- S3 He play video games.
- T He play, he play or he plays
- S3 He plays
- T OK. Next.
49B. Tomplinsons view(???????)
- Learning materials should be realistic in the
sense that they reflect the reality of lge use
which learners will encounter outside and after
their course. - ?????????,??????????,?????????????,
- Materials should provide learners with
preparation for real-world language use but they
should do so in ways which recognize the
limitations of the learners and the constraints
of the classroom,and in ways which exploit the
resources of the teacher, of the learners
themselves and of learning aids.
?????????????????????????????,???????????????????,
????,??????????????????????
50- We do not begin with authenticity authenticity
is what learners should ultimately achieve it
represents their terminal behavior. (Widdowson,
1976) - ????????????????????????
- Getting them there but dont confuse means and
ends. ??????????
51J. Harmers view
- The greatest controversy has centred on whether
the texts should be authentic or not. That is
because people have worried about more
traditional lge-teaching materials which tended
to look artificial and to use over-simplified lge
which any native speaker would find comical and
untypical. - ?????????????????????????????,????,???????,??
????????????? - A balance has to be struck between real English
on the one hand and the students capabilities
and interests on the other. - ???????????????????????
- Texts should be as much like real English as
possible. - ?????????
52Evaluating Texts
- Importance of content
- content-rich texts,
- content-based goals,
- content-based exercises
- ?authentic reading experience
- Quality of Selections
- objections simplified
- unnatural, inauthentic, boring ...
- another perspective
- authentic read well? ideas flow?
- sth new? interest?
- Control of Vocabulary
- ratio of know/unknown words
- choice of word targets
- recycling
- Control of Grammatical Complexity
(TESOL, 2011)
- Careful attention to vocabulary
- before/during/after reading,
- multiple encounters in different context,
- integrated into activities
536. Listening and speaking vs. reading and writing
- L. Alexander Listen before you speak. Speak
before you read. Read before you write. - L and S should take the lead but R and W should
follow at an appropriate time.????,????(???)?????
??,???????(?????) - Problems
- When to start speaking/reading/writing
- Lessons in history Neglect listening speaking
- little attention to writing
- ?????????,????????
54- Learners are exposed to comprehensible input with
no production requirement until they are ready to
go onto a reading programme and then writing.
Oral production is brought in gradually and is
not forced. Typically in these programmes, a
learner who is tested as a beginner spends at
least three months just being exposed to lge
mostly produced by their teacher before they see
any written text or are required to speak. The
lge is made accessible through actions, pictures,
films and video, and realia. (the focal skills
approach by Hastings, 1995) p.263 - ???????????,?????????,????????????????????,???
????????????????,??????????,?????????????????,????
?????????????????????????????????????
55???????
Skill Oral Written
Receptive Listening Reading
Productive Speaking Writing
56- ???,???????????????????????,??????????????,?
?????????,???????,????????????????????????,???
????????,??????????,????????????,?????????,???????
???????????
577. Use of the mother tongue and the target
language(?????????)
- Use the target language if possible, use the
mother tongue when necessary.???????,??????? - Our textbooks include small translation tasks,
usually at word or sentence level.???????????,????
?????? - Comparing the two languages by translation could
help Ss learn grammar rules of the target
language. - ???????????????????????????
- More extensive translation activities could raise
learners awareness of how differently ideas may
be organized at text level. - ???????????????????????????????????????
58Examples
- Translate the following sentences into English,
using the words and phrases in the brackets. - ??????????????
- It took him one hour to solve that math problem.
- ????????????????????(mine miner rescue)
- The miners who had been trapped in the mine for
two days were rescued at last.
59- ?? ??
- ??? ????? He is a teacher.
- ????? ??????Is he a teacher?
- ?? Are you a student? Yes, I am.
- No,
Im not. - ?? ?????? ??
- ???
- ?? Is that city big? Yes, it is.
- No,
it isnt. - ?? ??????? ?/???
60Translation of famous sayings
- Seeing is believing.
- A rising tide lifts all boats.
- Lifting myself to look, I found that it was
moonlight. Sinking back again, I thought suddenly
of home. - Given talent by the heaven, I will employ it.
-
- A farmer leads his horses on a road covered with
volcanic ash back home. They came galloping out
of the volcanic storm, hooves muffled in the ash,
manes flying. The ash cloud has turned day into
night, blanketing the landscape in sticky grey
mud.
??????
?????,??????
????????
61What do you think of the conflicting views about
translation?(??????????????????)
- Translation is a means of learning foreign
languages as well as an objective of learning
them. - ???????????????,?????
- By comparing the target lge with the first lge,
you will learn the target lge more effectively. - ???????????,??????????
- When a person is learning a foreign lge, he must
not always be translating everything into his own
lge. If he does this, it shows he has not
mastered it. He must forget his own lge while
using the foreign lge, otherwise he cannot grasp
the spirit of it and cannot use it freely. - ????????????,?????????????????????,??????????
???????, - ??????????,??,???????????
- ?????
628. Foreign language and other subjects(???????)
- Language textbooks, like an encyclopedia,
incorporate a large range of knowledge. Writing
them, the author must consult specialists in
other subjects in order to ensure that the
content is scientifically precise. - ????????????,??????????????????????????,??????
???????? - There is a close relationship between FL and
Chinese textbook writing in terms of text
selection, grammar sequence, the four language
skills and strategies, etc. - ???????????????,???????????,????,????????????
? - How to handle the relationship between FL and
other subjects is of great importance in the CBL
approach to language material development. - ??????????????,????????????????????
639. Imported (global) and local textbooks
(?????????)
- Why do we import global textbooks??????????????
- To bring in exotic cultures and cross-cultural
awareness activities, recent results in language
teaching theory and practice as well as high
quality language materials - ????????????????????,????????????????,????????
??? - To promote educational and cultural exchange
between China and the rest of the world - ??????????????????
64What are some of the limitations of imported
textbooks? Why is localization necessary?(????????
????????????
- Global coursebooks are not normally humanistic
because they are trying to cater for everybody
but in the end they end up engaging nobody.
(Tomlinson, 2003) - ???????????,??????????????,???????,???????
- Their subject matter is not culturally
appropriate in the local learning situations.
Learners and teachers are not interested in the
content and do not believe in the methods. (Bao
Dat, 2003) - ????????????????????????????????????,??????????
?? - There is very little excitement or disturbance to
stimulate the emotions of the learner. - ???????,??????????
65- They have ignored the importance of localizing
language tasks and have denied learners
opportunities for contextual use. - ????????????????,??????????????????????
- Although at some point cross-cultural awareness
activities are provided, in most cases they are
UK-centred. - ????????????????,???????????????
- Little research has been directed to the topic of
how the local educational/teaching environment
has influenced students learning. (Maley, 1998) - ????/????????????,?????????
66What can we do to localize imported
textbooks?(???????????)
- Rewrite the textbooks taking into consideration
the differences of educational systems, learning
conditions, teaching and learning styles, the
students cultures and differences in needs for
lge use in their future. (JEFC as an example) - ????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? - Co-operate with local writers in the rewriting
- ??????????????
- Writer-user interaction (teachers students)
- ????????(???????)
- Teachers adaptation of the materials using the
CARD technique and the end-of-unit comparison
(Now compare this with in your country.)
??????????,??????
67- Cross-cultural writing partnerships also help to
ensure that the process of production is based on
a cross-cultural exchange of language and
experience of national and classroom cultures,
which feeds directly into materials. - ??????????????????????????????????,????????????
????? - The teacher has a vital role to play in acting as
an intercultural mediator and providing some of
the cultural coordinates missing from the
coursebook. (Alan Pulverness, 2003) - ???????????????????,??????????????????????
68???????????
- ??????,????????
- ????????,?????????????,????,?????
- ?????????,???????,??????,????????????????????,???
??????????,????????,?????
69Prospect of future teaching and development of
English teaching materials
- Different varieties of teaching materials to
satisfy various kinds of needs ???????????? - Different approaches to teaching ???????
- Material development should be based on
research???? - Impact of modern technology (multi-media and the
web) on teaching and material development ?????? - Material development is a systematic project
based on - Curriculum development ????
- Research work ??
- Material development ????
- Teaching experiment ????
- Teaching methodology ????
- Teacher development ????
???????????
70Different varieties of teaching materials and
different approaches
- Research evidence suggests that the ability of Ss
to employ multiple learning styles results in
greater classroom success, concluding that
emphasizing a particular style of learning is not
the most effective approach. (Reid, 1987) - Learner styles analytic, studial, left brain
learners prefer a linear method to the learning
of linguistic structures global, experiential,
right brain learners prefer kinaesthetic input
over auditory and visual forms of lge input
(Carlos Islam,2003)
71- Provide different styles of coursebooks that
contain different content matter and alternative
teaching methods.????????????? - Different varieties of books would be used to
supplement each other as needed.?????? - Provide various kinds of supplementary materials
including graded readers and reference books.
?????? - ?????????????????,??????????????
72Material development should be based on research
- Make survey ??
- Sum up historical experience ????
- Establish material evaluation mechanism ??
- Make comparative research ????
- Use corpora in research ?????
- An increase in in-service and post-graduate
materials development courses ????? - Worldwide organizations interest group of TESOL,
JALT MATSDA ???? - International exchange ????
73Impact of modern technology (multi-media and the
web) on language material development
- What is CALL? ?????????
- What are relevant uses of CALL in language
teaching and material development??? - For language teaching ????
- For material development ??????
74For material development
- Web-based materials ????
- Get ideas for activities ???
- Download authentic texts ?????
- Use visual materials from the web ??
- Suggest website for teachers and learners??
- Provide interactive activities ??????
- Publish questionnaires on the web ??
- Publish materials online (for feedback)??
75Multi-media and hypermedia
- Multi-media technology ?????
- A variety of media (texts, graphics, sound,
animation and video) to be accessed in a single
device - Hypermedia technology ?????
- Capacity to make links with multimedia
resources - Users can navigate their own paths and access inf
in any form simply by pointing or clicking a
mouse in CD-ROMs, websites, Multi-Media lge
learning programs installed in a computer, etc.
76- What can you do with multimedia or hypermedia as
a learner? - What can you do with multimedia or hypermedia as
a teacher? - What impact will they bring to education or even
to society? - ????????????????????????
77Developing textbooks is a systematic project
- What factors affect the development and the use
of teaching materials????????????????? - Do you think materials development is merely a
profession of specialists? Why do you think so?
?????????????
78Developing textbooks is a systematic project
Curriculum Development ????
Teaching methodology Technology ???????
Textbook development ????
Teacher Development ????
Teaching material Evaluation ????
Material development research ????
79- Methods and materials materials introduced as
examples of methods in action???????? - It was realized that not only is materials
development an important skill needed by all
teachers but also that by engaging in materials
development teachers can themselves both
understand and apply theories of lge learning
and achieve personal and professional
development. ?????????,????????????? - Applied and action research projects before,
during and after a material development course - ????????????????????
80Examples of material development courses ??????
- Short stimulus courses for teachers ????
- Courses for institutions and state training
teachers ??????? - Professional training courses????
- Pre-service teacher training ????
- In-service training ????
- Teacher education/development courses focused on
/or with a component on material development
????/???????
81- The most effective way to run a materials
development course is to provide the participants
with concrete experience as a basis for
reflective material design,class- - room teaching observation and evaluation.
- ??????????????
82Reference
- Brian Tomlinson, Developing Materials for
Language Teaching, 2003 (Introduction, pp. 6, 32,
162, 262, 171, 195, 235, 262, 292, 381, 345, 386,
406-420, 434, 432, 441, 445-460) - ??????????????????1949-2000???????(???),???,2010?
10? - B. Tomlinson H. Masuhara, Developing Language
Course Materials,???, 2007 - ?????????????????,???????, 2010.7.
- ?????????????(p.17-p.46),???,2006
- ?????????(p. 115), ???,2007
83- Thank you!
-
- liudy_at_pep.com.cn