Industrial Revolution Vocabulary (Chapter 18)

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Industrial Revolution Vocabulary (Chapter 18)

1. Industrial Revolution
2. Entrepreneurs
3. Capitalism
4. Agricultural Revolution
5. Crop rotation
6. Seed drill
7. Domestic system
8. Spinning jenny
9. Steam engine
10. Cotton gin
11. Urbanization
12. Liberalism
13. Utilitarianism
14. Socialism
15. Means of production
16. Utopian socialism
17. Trade unions

• Strike
• Transportation Revolution
• Locomotive
• Internal combustion engine
• Corporations
• Financiers
• Monopoly
• Trust
• Separate spheres
• Charles Darwin (and Darwinism)
• Natural selection
• Social Darwinism
• Marxism
• Proletariat
• Romanticism
• novel
• Realism
• impressionism

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Starter (November 16)

• Roman numerals practiceIdentify the number the
  following Roman numerals represents. You must
  write the Roman numeral and your answer.
• X
• V
• I
• IV
• XIV
• IX
• XXIIV

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• Group Grading

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The Industrial Revolution(1700-1914)

• Chapter 18
• Vocabulary is due on test day.
• Your test is planned for November 22.

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Introduction

• The Industrial Revolution occurred as a reaction
  to changes in production.
• It first occurred in Britain. Overtime, it
  spread throughout Europe and then to North
  America.
• Developments of the Industrial Revolution include
  increased population, improved food production,
  new demands for manufactured goods, and new
  technologies.
• We often break the Industrial Revolution into two
  distinct parts
• First Industrial Revolution (1700s-mid 1800s)
• Second Industrial Revolution (last half of 1800s)

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First Industrial Revolution

• Essential Questions
• Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in
  Britain?
• What were some of the consequences of the
  Agricultural Revolution?
• How did rising demand and new technology affect
  the textile industry?
• What were the basic elements of the first
  Industrial Revolution?

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Origins of the Industrial Revolution

• Asset of water for protection, power, and
  transportation
• Canal networks were built in the late 1700s
• Coal was in abundance
• A stable political system developed after the
  Glorious Revolution in 1688.
• Laws protected property rights
• The large empire allowed access to many trade
  routes and provided raw materials.
• Capitalism use of private money or goods to
  produce a profit of more money or goods
• Banking system allowed for savings for new
  investments
• Growing demands for manufactured goods
• Essential Question 1 Why did the Industrial
  Revolution begin in Britain?

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Commercialization of Agriculture

• In the early 1700s, Britain experienced a
  revolution in agriculture due mainly to their
  American colonies.
• Crops from the Americas included potatoes and
  corn.
• New farming methods included use of animal manure
  for fertilizer and using crops to revitalize
  nutrients in the soil (turnips and clover).
• Crop rotation alternating the type of crop
  grown in an area to preserve soil nutrients
• Jethro Tulls invention of the seed drill planted
  seeds at the right depth in regular rows.
• Essential Question 2 What were some of the
  consequences of the Agricultural Revolution?

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Textile Industry

• Cloth had been developed in the home since the
  Middle Ages (this was called the domestic
  system).
• Higher demands for cloth around the turn of the
  18th century threatened to end the domestic
  system.
• Cotton plantations from the Americas increased
  the need for quickly woven cloth. New inventions
  helped meet the demand
• James Hargreaves developed the spinning jenny.
• Richard Arkwright developed the water frame.
• Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin. (The cotton
  gin increased the demand for slaves in the
  southern US.)
• Essential Question 3 How did rising demand and
  new technology affect the textile industry?
• Essential Question 4 What were the basic
  elements of the first Industrial Revolution?

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Review as time permits
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Starter (November 17)

• Read Britains First Factories on page 488 in
  your textbook.
• Answer the Linking Geography and History
  questions no page 489.
• Based on the map, answer the location question
  Where were most of Britains cotton textiles
  produced?

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Consequences of the first industrial revolution

• Essential Questions
• What were some of the social consequences of
  industrialization?
• What political theories emerged in the industrial
  era and how did they differ from another?
• How did many workers respond to industrialization?

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Social Changes

• Steam-powered machinery changed the way people
  worked.
• Working in factories instead of at home
• Men, women, and children
• Long hours (usually 6 days a week)
• Adjustments for seasons were no longer made (use
  of time clocks)
• More food was available due to improved tools
• From 1801 to 1851, the population of Britain
  doubled.
• Urbanization
• More jobs were available for the working class
• Many jobs were industrial
• Job stability increased for non-industrial
  workers (primarily domestic servants)
• TERRIBLE CONDITIONS
• Tenement housing (slums)
• Sanitation issues
• Answer ES 1 What were some of the social
  consequences of industrialization?

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New Political Theories

• Many people reacted differently to
  industrialization.
• New ideas developed about how to structure
  society and the state.

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Liberalism, Utilitarianism, and Socialism

• In your seated section, you will form concise
  bullet notes on one of the different theories
  that emerged due to the Industrial Revolution.
• Each group will create a poster to display the
  information for their classmates.
• Be clear in your information, but be concise.
• Identify key words/people
• Write legibly on the poster
• All members must have their own notes written on
  notebook paper IN THEIR NOTE section.

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Gallery Walk of Theories

• Each group will rotate and read the notes for
  each different theory.
• Students will be able to ask questions of expert
  groups once the activity is complete.
• Answer ES 2 What political theories emerged in
  the industrial era and how did they differ from
  another?

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Workers Movements

• Many workers began to seek membership in trade
  unions (organizations of workers from all over
  the country who collectively bargain).
• Strikes were often used as a way to stop
  production.
• Britain, France, and Germany had laws outlawing
  workers associations in the early 1800s.
• Answer ES 3 How did many workers respond to
  industrialization?

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Starter (November 18)

• Write a one, grammatically correct paragraph in
  response to the following statement. Your
  paragraph must prove comprehension through the
  use of historical evidence and be free of
  fluff. (Agree/Disagree)
• Life improved for workers who moved from rural
  areas into industrial cities.

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The Second Industrial Revolution

• Essential Questions
• How did the steam engine affect transportation?
• What were the foundations and the consequences of
  the second Industrial Revolution?
• What were the results of new business practices
  in the late 1800s?
• How did industrialization in France, Germany, and
  Russia differ from industrialization in Britain?

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Transportation Revolution

• Water Travel
• 1807, Robert Fultons Clermont (steamboat) was
  successful on the Hudson River (NY).
• By 1870, steamships were replacing sailing ships.
• Land travel
• In the early 1800s, early steam-powered carriages
  emerged.
• Locomotives were developed in 1829 (by George
  Stephenson) to pull trains at 30 mph.
• Railways were built across Europe and the US
  making trade and travel much easier.
• Answer ES 1 How did the steam engine affect
  transportation?

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Second Industrial Revolution

• In the second half of the 1800s
• The 1st Industrial Revolution was based upon
• The 2nd Industrial Revolution was based on
  electricity, steel, and oil.

steam, coal, and iron.
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Electricity

• Electric generators were developed in the 1830s
  revolutionizing communication.
• The telegraph was invented in 1837.
• Samuel Morse (of the US) developed Morse code to
  communicate over the telegraph.
• Alexander Graham Bell (of the US) invented the
  telephone in 1876.
• Electric motors began to replace steam engines in
  the 1870selectric motors were cleaner, smaller,
  and cheaper.
• Thomas Edison invented the light bulb in 1879.

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Steel

• The Bessemer process (discovered by Andrew
  Carnegie) made steel production easier and
  cheaper.
• The process purifying low quality iron ore into
  steel.
• The cheap steel created a boom in the railroad
  industry.
• Cities drastically changed with the skyscraper
  (and later, the elevator).

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Petroleum

• Oil replaced coal in the 1870s.
• In 1876, Nikolaus August Otto (of Germany)
  invented the internal combustion engine which ran
  on gasoline.
• In 1885, the Mercedes Benz was the first car
  developed.
• The Orville Wright glider used in 1903 at Kitty
  Hawk was gas-powered.
• Answer ES 2 What were the foundations and the
  consequences of the second Industrial Revolution?

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The Growth of BIG BUSINESS

• The new industries of the 1800s were expensive to
  start and maintain.
• Corporations developed in which large numbers of
  people owned shares of the company and shared the
  profits.
• Financiers often bought companies as investments
  in order to gain profits. (Example JP Morgan
  bought out Carnegie Steel and created the US
  Steel Corporation in 1901.)

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• Competition in business was harshtaking out the
  opponent was the goal to control production and
  sale of a good or service.
• Vertical integration buying all companies who
  contribute to the final product (suppliers)
• Horizontal integration buying out competitors
  or smaller companies
• Monopoly sole control of the production and the
  sale of a product or service in order to dominate
  a particular market
• Trusts combinations of similar businesses under
  the direction of a single group
• Answer ES 3 What were the results of new
  business practices in the late 1800s?
• Answer ES 4 How did industrialization in
  France, Germany, and Russia differ from
  industrialization in Britain?

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Starter (November 21)

• Turn in signed progress reports to the correct
  tray for your class.
• Create a T-chart titled Causes and Effects of the
  Industrial Revolution.

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Changes in Western Culture and Society

• Essential Questions
• How did the wealth provided by the Industrial
  Revolution affect the middle class?
• What new advances were made in science, and how
  did these developments affect social sciences?
• What were romanticism and realism, and in what
  ways were they reactions to the industrial era?

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Separate Spheres

• With industry, work was separated from the home.
• Men were public figures in business and
  government
• Women ran the household
• Queen Victoria of Britain became the example of
  how women should behave in the middle
  classdevoted to her husband and was a dedicated
  wife.
• ES 1 How did the wealth provided by the
  Industrial Revolution affect the middle class?

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New Scientific and Social Ideas

• Darwinism
• Developed by Charles Darwin (an English thinker
  of the 1800s)
• Published On the Origins of Species by Means of
  Natural Selection
• Natural selection is the theory that life forms
  evolved over time in a constant struggle for
  survivalthe stronger would survive.

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• Physical Sciences advanced in fields such as
  medicine, physics, and chemistry.
• Gregor Mendel discovered laws of heredity.
• The use of chloroform as an anesthetic for
  surgery developed.
• Laws of magnetism and electricity were developed
• Social Sciences
• New fields of study were introduced including
  sociology, psychology, economics, anthropology,
  and archaeology.
• Scientific research (such as heredity) often
  helped justify negative prejudice (such as racism
  and sexism).
• Many used anthropology in attempts to prove that
  some races were inferiorit failed.
• Eugenicsan attempt to improve genes through
  breeding
• Social Darwinism applied Darwinism to
  humansthe wealthy were more fit than the poor

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• ES 2 What new advances were made in science,
  and how did these developments affect social
  sciences?
• Marxism Developed by Karl Marx, this political
  theory applied scientific research to government
  creating scientific socialism
• The Communist Manifesto published by Marx and
  Friedrich Engels
• Argued that industrial capitalism created a
  proletariat (working class) who were exploited by
  capitalists
• Overtime, Marx felt that the proletariat would
  rise against the capitalists through revolution
  establishing a communist government (government
  owns all means of production and there is no
  private property).

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Independent Reading Page 505 Movements in
Literature and ART

• Create concise bullet notes directly in your
  class notes.
• ES 3 What were romanticism and realism, and in
  what ways were they reactions to the industrial
  era?
• Review games as time permits

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Starter (November 22)

• Gather and organize your work packet. You will
  have a maximum of 3 minutes after the bell to
  turn in all assignments to prevent point
  deductions.
• Your packet MUST be in this order
• Vocabulary
• Notes (with essential question answers included
  and any notes assigned in small
  groups/independent)
• Writing Starter from 11/18 (agree/disagree Life
  improved)
• T-chart Starter 11/21 (causes and effects)
• If you are missing any components, you should
  write a note and staple it to the front of your
  packet explaining why. Failure to do so will
  result in not being able to make up the missing
  component.
• BE SURE YOUR NAME IS ON THE FRONT AND PLACE YOUR
  PACKET IN THE TRAY FOR YOUR CLASS PERIOD.