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Eastern Philosophy

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Title: Eastern Philosophy


1
Eastern Philosophy
2
Eastern Religion Philosophy
  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Islamic Philosophy
  • Taoism
  • Confucianism
  • Zen Buddhism
  • The way of the Warrior- Samurai

3
Hinduism
  • Vedas
  • Vishnu

4
Hinduism
  • The term refers to the collect faiths that
    originated in India.
  • Hinduism does not have a clear origin.
  • There is not one holy book or text.
  • There is not a single founder.

5
Shaivism
  • Shiva-
  • The supreme being and creator of the universe.
  • Parvati, Sakti- wife
  • Ganesha-child
  • Nandi- Bull

6
Saktism
  • Sakti- wife of Siva, the female part of the
    universe.
  • Destroyer or destructive force in this realm.

7
Vaisnavism
  • Vishnu- Is a personal god.
  • Protector in this realm
  • The Buddha was an incarnation of the God Vishnu
    according to Hindus.

8
Vedas
  • Those who know it, do not speak it Those who
    speak it, do not know it.

9
Vedic Scriptures
  • Are writing that reveal the hidden nature of
    reality.
  • The Vedas were the religious writings of the
    Aryans, a nomadic people that invaded India in
    the around 1500 B.C.
  • Hold the universe to be one, monism.

10
What is the meaning of Life?
  • According to some versions of Hinduism the
    purpose of life is to find enlightenment.
  • Most people cannot discover these truths in one
    lifetime- as such we are reincarnated.

11
Samsara
  • Samsara- The cycle of birth and death.
  • Humans are basically good, but are caught up in a
    cycle of desire of and suffering that is a direct
    result of ignorance and ego.
  • Humans are tormented by many desires.
  • Desire is the root of evil.

12
Karma
  • Karma- chain of causes consequences
  • Actions we perform today can have consequences
    for us far into the future all of our actions
    will eventually have consequences.

13
Nirvana
  • Nirvana- permanent liberation from life
  • Liberation from the cycle of samsara, we cease to
    exist and become one with the universe.

14
Buddhism
  • Buddha
  • Four Noble Truths
  • Eightfold Path

15
Buddhism
  • A philosophical tradition, founded by Gautama
    Siddhartha Buddha in the fifth century b.c., that
    took on various forms as a religion and spread
    throughout Asia It is a branch of Hinduism
  • Buddhism attempts to help the individual conquer
    the suffering and mutability of human existence
    through the elimination of desire and ego and
    attainment of the state of nirvana.

16
Eightfold Path
  • The way or practice recommended in Buddhism that
    includes
  • Right View,
  • Right Aim,
  • Right Speech,
  • Right Action,
  • Right Living,
  • Right Effort,
  • Right Mindfulness,
  • Right Contemplation.

17
Four Noble Truths
  • Buddha's answer to the central problem of life
    (1) There is suffering (2) suffering has
    specific and identifiable causes (3) suffering
    can be ended (4) the way to end suffering is
    through enlightened living, as expressed in the
    Eightfold Path.

18
Different planes of reality
  • For some Buddist, this plane of existence is not
    the only one.
  • You can be reincarnated as a higher or lower
    being, depending upon your karma at death.

19
Islamic Philosophy
  • Al-Kindi
  • Al-Farabi
  • Avicenna
  • Al-Ghazali
  • Averroes
  • Sufism
  • Mulla Sadra Kabir

20
Neo-Platonism 
  •  A further development of Platonic philosophy
    under the influence of Aristotelian and
    Pythagorean philosophy and Christian mysticism
    it flourished between the third and sixth
    centuries, stressing a mystical intuition of the
    highest One or God, a transcendent source of all
    being.

21
Al-Kindi
  • A ninth-century Islamic thinker, used Greek ideas
    to define God as an absolute and transcendent
    being.
  • God created the world by means of his will.
  • All of reality comes from God.

22
Al-Farabi
  • A ninth-century Islamic philosopher, posited the
    philosopher-prophet as the one providing the
    necessary illumination for his society.
  • Also claimed God to be Absolute Being, and that
    God was the first cause.
  • He based this view on Aristotles argument of the
    unmoved mover.

23
Avicenna
  • A tenth-century Islamic thinker, felt that there
    is a parallelism between philosophy and
    theology.Arabian physician and philosopher, born
    in 980 died at Hamadan, in Northern Persia,
    1037.
  • Avicenna was actually Persian, not Arabian.

24
Roots of his Philosophy
  • Avicenna's philosophy, like that of his
    predecessors among the Arabians, is
    Aristoteleanism mingled with neo-Platonism, an
    exposition of Aristotle's teaching in the light
    of the Commentaries of Thomistius, Simplicius,
    and other neo-Platonists.

25
Practical and Speculative
  • Philosophy , he says, which is the general name
    for scientific knowledge, includes speculative
    and practical philosophy.

26
Speculative Philosophy
  • Speculative philosophy is divided into the
    inferior science physics, and middle science
    (mathematics), and the superior science
    (metaphysics including theology).

27
Practical philosophy
  • Practical philosophy is divided into ethics
    (which considers man as an individual) economics
    (which considers man as a member of domestic
    society) and politics (which considers man as a
    member of civil society).

28
Conceptualist
  • A favourite principle of Avicenna, which is
    quoted not only by Averroes was intellectus in
    formis agit universalitatem, that is, the
    universality of our ideas is the result of the
    activity of the mind itself.
  • Avicenna is a conceptualist. The mind makes
    ideas real.

29
Our mind can know the truth.
  • He explicitly maintains that the individual mind
    retains its individuality and that, because it is
    spiritual and immaterial, it is endowed with
    personal immortality.
  • He claims that souls are capable of arriving at a
    very special kind of union with the Universal,
    Active, Intellect, and of attaining thereby the
    gift of prophecy.

30
Al-Ghazali
  • A late eleventh-century and early-twelfth-century
    Islamic philosopher, attacked Avicenna regarding
    the eternity of the world and the reduction of
    religious law to a mere symbol of higher truths.

31
Averroës 
  • Arabian philosopher, astronomer, and writer on
    jurisprudence born in 1126 died at Morocco,
    1198.
  • A twelfth-century Islamic thinker, was thought of
    as holding two separate truths, that of religion
    and that of philosophy.

32
Knowledge thru Faith
  • Averroes openly admitted his inability to hold on
    philosophic grounds the doctrine of individual
    immortality, being content to maintain it as a
    religious tenet.
  • Averroes' greatest influence was as a
    commentator.

33
Sufism
  • Represents a mystical, theosophical, and ascetic
    strain of Muslim belief that seeks union with God
    (Allah).

34
Mulla Sadra
  • A late sixteenth- and early-seventeenth-century
    thinker who was influenced by the mystical
    tendencies in Neo-Platonism, sought a return to
    the first principle of being.

35
Kabir
  • A late-fifteenth- and early-sixteenth-century
    Indian poet, was considered one of the great
    mystical poets in the tradition of Sufism.

36
Taoism
  • Lao Tzu
  • Chuang Tzu
  • Sun Tzu
  • Lieh Tzu
  • Yin and Yang

37
Tao
  • Taoism is based on the idea that behind all
    material things and all the change in the world
    lies one fundamental, universal principle the
    Way or Tao.

38
Tao Continued
  • This principle gives rise to all existence and
    governs everything, all change and all life.
    Behind the bewildering multiplicity and
    contradictions of the world lies a single unity,
    the Tao. The purpose of human life, then, is to
    live life according to the Tao, which requires
    passivity, calm, non-striving (wu wei ),
    humility, and lack of planning, for to plan is to
    go against the Tao.

39
Lao Tzu
  • Founder of Taoism, held that the Tao is ineffable
    and beyond our ability to alter. He emphasized
    the importance of effortless nonstriving.

40
Tao Te Ching
  • The whole world recognizes the beautiful as the
    beautiful, yet this is the ugly the whole world
    recognizes the good as the good, yet this is bad.
  • Thus Something and Nothing produce each other.
  • The difficult and the easy complement each other

41
Seek peace
  • Lao Tzu believed that human life, like everything
    else in the universe, is constantly influenced by
    outside forces.
  • He believed "simplicity" to be the key to truth
    and freedom.
  • Lao Tzu encouraged his followers to observe, and
    seek to understand the laws of nature to develop
    intuition and build up personal power and to use
    that power to lead life with love, and without
    force.

42
The way
  • Look, it cannot be seen - it is beyond
    form.Listen, it cannot be heard - it is beyond
    sound.Grasp, it cannot be held - it is
    intangible.These three are indefinable, they are
    one. From above it is not bright

43
The way Continued.
  • From below it is not darkUnbroken thread beyond
    description.It returns to nothingness.Form of
    the formless,Image of the imageless,It is
    called indefinable and beyond imagination.
  • Stand before it - there is no beginning.Follow
    it and there is no end.Stay with the Tao, Move
    with the present.
  • Knowing the ancient beginning is the essence of
    Tao.

44
Chuang Tzu
  • The most important Taoist after Lao Tzu and
    stressed the equality of opposites and the danger
    of usefulness.

45
Sun Tzu
  • Sun Tzu  A sixth-century B.C. Taoist philosopher
    and general, applied Taoist philosophy to
    military strategy.
  • Some scholars have concluded that Sun Tzu's work
    was actually authored by unknown Chinese
    philosophers and that Sun Tzu did not actually
    exist as a historical figure. There is more
    evidence to support this theory than the
    traditional one of Sun Tzu as an individual
    historical figure.

46
Lieh Tzu
  • Lieh Tzu was born around 450 B.C. As for the
    events of his lifetime, his trade etc. - we know
    nothing.
  • Wrote book The Perfect Emptiness

47
Lieh Tzu Free your Mind
  • My mind was frozen, my body in dissolution, my
    flesh and bones all melted together. I was wholly
    unconscious of what my body was resting on, or
    what was under my feet. I was borne this way and
    that on the wind, like dry chaff or leaves
    falling from a tree. In fact, I knew not whether
    the wind was riding on me or I on the wind.

48
Yin and Yang
  • Contractive and expansive forces in the universe.

49
The universe divided
  • The essentials of the yin-yang school are as
    follows the universe is run by a single
    principle, the Tao, or Great Ultimate. This
    principle is divided into two opposite
    principles, or two principles which oppose one
    another in their actions, yin and yang. All the
    opposites one perceives in the universe can be
    reduced to one of the opposite forces.

50
5 agents or causes
  • The yin and yang accomplish changes in the
    universe through the five material agents, or wu
    hsing , which both produce one another and
    overcome one another. All change in the universe
    can be explained by the workings of yin and yang
    and the progress of the five material agents as
    they either produce one another or overcome one
    another. Yin-yang and the five agents explain all
    events within the universe..

51
Everything is explained
  • All phenomena can be understood using yin-yang
    and the five agents the movements of the stars,
    the workings of the body, the nature of foods,
    the qualities of music, the ethical qualities of
    humans, the progress of time, the operations of
    government, and even the nature of historical
    change.

52
Let the stars be your guide?
  • All things follow this order so that all things
    can be related to one another in some way one
    can use the stars to determine what kind of
    policy to pursue in government, for instance.

53
Male and female
  • The yin and yang represent all the opposite
    principles one finds in the universe. Under yang
    are the principles of maleness, the sun,
    creation, heat, light, Heaven, dominance, and so
    on, and under yin are the principles of
    femaleness, the moon, completion, cold, darkness,
    material forms, submission, and so on.

54
Heaven and Earth
  • Each of these opposites produce the other Heaven
    creates the ideas of things under yang, the earth
    produces their material forms under yin, and vice
    versa creation occurs under the principle of
    yang, the completion of the created thing occurs
    under yin, and vice versa, and so on.

55
Cyclical existence
  • This production of yin from yang and yang from
    yin occurs cyclically and constantly, so that no
    one principle continually dominates the other or
    determines the other. All opposites that one
    experienceshealth and sickness, wealth and
    poverty, power and submissioncan be explained in
    reference to the temporary dominance of one
    principle over the other. Since no one principle
    dominates eternally, that means that all
    conditions are subject to change into their
    opposites.

56
Confucianism
  • Confucius
  • Mencius

57
Confucius
  • Founder of the most dominant system of Chinese
    thought, emphasized the perfectibility of people
    as well as their ability to affect things for the
    better.
  • Confucius himself had a simple moral and
    political teaching to love others to honor
    one's parents to do what is right instead of
    what is of advantage to practice "reciprocity,"
    i.e. "don't do to others what you would not want
    yourself" to rule by moral example instead of by
    force and violence and so forth.

58
Govern not kill
  • Confucius thought that a ruler who had to resort
    to force had already failed as a ruler -- "Your
    job is to govern, not to kill" (Analects XII19).
    This was not a principle that Chinese rulers
    always obeyed, but it was the ideal of benevolent
    rule.

59
Self Control
  • Confucius thought that government by laws and
    punishments could keep people in line, but
    government by example of virtue and good manners
    would enable them to control themselves (Analects
    II3). "The way the wind blows, that's the way
    the grass bends" (Analects XII19).

60
No need for Money
  • Although Confucius himself says, "Wealth and high
    station are what men desire" (Analects, IV5),
    later Confucians turned warnings against the
    temptation of profit into a condemnation of
    profit, which meant that their influence was
    often turned against the development of Chinese
    industry and commerce.

61
Later followers did not follow the way.
  • Confucians themselves were perfectly happy to
    seek "high station," while stiffling the ability
    of ordinary Chinese to produce "wealth." Over
    time, this was an evil influence in Chinese
    history.

62
Mencius
  • A Confucian thinker second in importance to
    Confucius.One cannot discuss Confucianism
    without at least mentioning the man the Chinese
    call "The Second Sage," Meng Tzu, or, in
    Latinized form, Mencius (372-289 B.C.) Mencius,
    like Confucius, concerned himself entirely with
    political theory and political practice he spent
    his life bouncing from one feudal court to
    another trying to find some ruler who would
    follow his teachings.

63
Did not change his Government
  • Like Confucius he was largely unsuccessful in his
    endeavor. In fact, China had degenerated
    precipitously in Mencius's time individual
    states were preying on and conquering others and
    the rulers of the time had no patience for what
    they considered prattling about the ancients and
    their ways.

64
Radical Thinker
  • Mencius several times throughout Chinese history
    has been regarded as a potentially "dangerous"
    author, leading at times to outright banning of
    his book. This is because Mencius developed a
    very early form of what was to be called in
    modern times the "social contract."

65
Purse your purpose
  • Mencius also highlighted other desirable
    qualities such as a steadfastness of purpose that
    enables one to follow what is proper without
    being swayed by fear or uncertainty. He urged
    that one should cultivate oneself so that one
    follows what is proper and willingly accepts
    unfavorable conditions of life that are not
    within one's control or are of such a nature that
    altering them requires improper conduct.
  • One should devote effort to ethical pursuits and
    not worry about these external conditions of
    life.

66
Zen Buddhism
  • Zen
  • Chan
  • Hui Neng
  • Murasaki Shikibu
  • Dogen Kigen
  • Samurai

67
Zen
  • A form of Buddhism that reached its zenith in
    China and later developed in Japan, Korea, and
    the West its name (Chinese Ch'an, Japanese Zen)
    derives from the Sanskrit dhyana (meditation).
  • In early China, the central tenet of Zen Buddhism
    was meditation rather than adherence to a
    particular scripture.

68
Chan
  • Chinese Zen Buddhism.

69
Hui Neng
  • Sixth patriarch of Chinese Zen, emphasized the
    oneness of all things.

70
Murasaki Shikibu
  • An influential Japanese Mahayana Buddhist
    philosopher of the late tenth and early eleventh
    centuries, held that women were responsible moral
    agents who were capable of enlightenment and
    could influence their destines, reach nirvana,
    and achieve salvation.

71
Dogen Kigen
  • A Japanese Zen monk, stressed the importance of
    acquiring the perspective of the universal Self,
    given the impermanence of life.

72
Samurai
  • Miyamoto Musashi
  • Yamamoto Tsunetomo
  • Samurai writers who helped record and preserve
    samurai ideals of preparedness indifference to
    pain, death, and material possessions, wisdom,
    and courage.

73
Bushido
  • The way or ethic of the samurai warrior, based on
    service and demanding rigorous training, usually
    both in the military and literary arts.
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