The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide

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The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide

• KEY IDEA After Egypt conquered Nubia, these two
  empires along the Nile began trading and cultural
  ties.

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The Middle Kingdom 2080 BC 1640 BC

• The succession of weak pharaohs and power
  struggles among nobles resulted in chaos in Egypt
  and gave way to the emergence of the Middle
  Kingdom.

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The Second Intermediate Period

• The Hyksos Invasion of Egypt lasted for 70
  years. They had used their horse drawn chariots
  to cross the desert.
• This invasion left the Egyptians feeling
  vulnerable. Before the Hyksos invasion, the
  desert had always protected them from outsiders.
  Technology had made their barrier obsolete.

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The New Kingdom

• After the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt, the
  new rulers were determined to restore the power
  of Egypt. They wanted to build a vast strong
  empire.
• They used the technology of the Hyksos, bronze
  weapons an horse-drawn chariots, to become
  conquerors throughout the region.

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Hatshepsut- The Female Pharaoh1472 BC 1458 BC

• Hatshepsut was a female ruler of Egypt. She took
  over the role of ruler because her stepson,
  Thutmose III was just a child when he inherited
  the throne.
• She was more interested in creating a trade
  empire than waging war.

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Thutmose III1458 BC 1425 BC

• Thutemose III, Hatshepsuts stepson, is believed
  to have ordered her assassination.
• He was not interested in peaceful relations with
  his neighbors, instead he wanted to increase the
  area of the Egyptian empire.

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Thutmoses Empire

• During his rule, Thutmose III increased the
  Egyptian empire to include Syria, Palestine and
  Nubia

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The Battle of Kadesh

• In 1285 B.C. The Egyptians and the Hittites from
  the north found themselves competing over parts
  of Palestine. They fought many battles and
  neither side was able to claim victory. To settle
  the dispute, Ramses II and the Hittite king
  entered into a peace treaty that lasted nearly 20
  years and brought peace to the region.

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The Pharaohs and the Afterlife

• The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom did not want to
  suffer the fate of the earlier pharaohs whose
  bodies and treasure was looted from the pyramids.
  
• Instead of building their tombs in plain sight,
  they built their tombs hidden away in the desert
  away from tomb robbers and looters. They were
  buried near the city of Thebes in the Valley of
  the Kings.

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The Valley of the Kings

• This is an aerial view of the Valley of the Kings

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Tombs of the Pharaohs
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Tombs and Treasure
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Ramses II1290 BC 1224 BC

• Ramses II, added to the architecture of the
  Egyptian Empire. He spent his vast wealth
  erecting great temples to glorify himself at
  Karnak and the main Egyptian god Amon at
• Abu Simbel. He also commissioned hundreds of
  statues of himself to be erected throughout the
  empire.

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Abu Simbel and Ramses Temple
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Egypt is Invaded

• In about 1200 B.C. The People of the Sea, most
  likely Philistines or Phoenicians, invaded the
  Egyptian and Hittite kingdoms.
• The Egyptian empire was unable to recover, as a
  result, Egypt split into regional units.
• Fractured, Egypt suffered invasions by many of
  the neighboring people who had once been
  dominated by the empire.

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The Libyans Take Control

• Their neighbors to the west took the opportunity
  to seize control of Egypt.
• The Libyans were able to easily defeat the
  disunited region. Instead of imposing their own
  culture upon the Egyptians, the Libyans adopted
  many ideas and practices of the Egyptians.

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Nubia Restores The Egyptian Throne

• The Nubians (Sudan) had been connected to the
  Egyptians for over a thousand years. Their
  trade, governance and culture were intermixed.
• Nubia provided a trade corridor to the interior
  of Africa as well as a source of slaves and other
  trade goods.

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Piankhi Defeats the Libyans

• After the invasions of the Libyans, the Nubians
  gained their independence. However, they did not
  cut their ties with Egypt. They saw themselves
  as the guardians of Egyptian culture.
• In 750 B.C. a strong Nubian king, Piankhi, from
  the kingdom of Kush defeated the Libyans and
  retook the Egyptian throne after 200 years of
  Libyan control.

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Assyrians Defeat Kush

• The Kushite control of Egypt did not last long.
  In 671 B.C. the Assyrians, a war-like people from
  northern Mesopotamia, conquered the Nubian
  dynasty in Egypt.
• The royal family was forced to flee to the south
  where they settled in a coastal city of Meroë.

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Meroë Become a Thriving City

• Under the control of the Kushites, Meroë becomes
  a thriving center for trade between Africa and
  Arabia and India.
• The Kushites found abundant supplies of iron ore
  not present in Egypt. Meroë became a main center
  for the manufacture of iron weapons and tools.