Technologies of Food and Processing: Inventions in the Domestic Arena

1
Technologies of Food and Processing Inventions
in the Domestic Arena

• By Jasmine Klintong
• EWS 425H
• Gender, Identity, Technology

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Food-Processing

• Second only to womans achievement in
  domesticating all the worlds major food plants
  is her achievement in making plants edible
  (Stanley, pp. 18).
• Detoxification/debittering
• Acorns
• Olives
• Taro
• Sago
• Cassava/manioc
• - tipiti

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Food Preparation Cooking

• Cross-Cultural sample Only activitynot
  exclusively male in any culture (Stanley, pp.
  23).
• Omitted, or not emphasized
• Cooking is technology
• Cooking was once the cutting
• edge of technology
• Cooking is significant technology
• Cooking gave rise or contributed to
• many other technologies

4
Agriculture

• Whos in charge? Who makes the tools?
• A comparison of Sexual Labor Division in
  Cultivation Between Sample
• Horticultural Agricultural Societies
• Cultivation Type Technology
• Horticulture Agriculture
• Female 52 50 15 16
• Male 17 17 75 81
• Both sexes equally 35 33 3 3
• Totals 104 100 93
  100
• Explained by the Takeover Theory

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Takeover Theory c. 4000-2000 BCE

• Men as a superclass
• Distribution of production economic power
• Men physically stronger more free time farming
  specializations
• Its a pattern of womens inventing a
• technology and developing it to a satisfactory
• levelonly to lose out in that activity as it
• becomes commercialized and professionalized.
• Culture
• Male historians

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18th Century Inventions

• Sybilla Righton Masters maize stamping mill
• Betsy Baker, Mary Kies, Sophia Woodhouse Welles
  bonnets
• Mary Wortley Montagu veterinary medicine
• Mrs. Paulet, Marie Harel cheese
• Catherine Littlefield Greene short-staple cotton
  gin?

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19th and 20th Centuries

• Plant culture
• Seed-treatment
• Planting cultivating techniques
• Fertilizer
• Irrigation, drainage, and related inventions
• Harriet W. H. Strong dams reservoirs
• New plants ?
• Valentina Mamontova winter spring wheat
  barley
• Plant diseases
• Helen K. Tobol
• Herbicides

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Animal Husbandry

• New breeds, varieties
• Salina, Maria, and Elena
• raised cattle in a personal way
• Care of livestock methods,
• apparatus, research
• World War
• Melinda L. Boice 1st successful calf by in-vitro
  fertilization
• Dairy and poultry inventions
• Milk butter
• Chicks eggs OBSERVATION
• Dr. Pennington
• Married Womens Property Acts

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Food-Processing

• Machines, devices
• Women patented at least 46 food-processing
  machines and devices in just over fifty years,
  between 1843 and early 1895.
• Nancy M. Johnson standard crank actuated freezer
  (1843)
• Denise C. Ralu beermaking
• Elizabeth Dakin cleaning and roasting coffee
• Tools
• Dione Lucas Gourmet knives
• Methods, techniques, processes
• Marie S. Gray Treatment of cottonseed meals
• Maura M. Bean cake flour w/o chlorine

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Food processing cont

• Cooking
• Fireless cooking
• Cookware
• Pots pans
• Teflon and Pyrex
• Stoves
• Margaret Owen Cooking range or stove
• Eldress Emeline Hart revolving oven
• Dr. Maria Telkes solar energy

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Food processing cont

• Food Storage and preservation
• Amanda Theodosia Jones canning,
• preserving, jelly-making (1906)
• Drying
• Lydia J. Cadwell, Minnie Lloyd
• fertilizer drier (1886)
• Refrigeration/freezing
• Nancy A. Lamon, Julian L. Fitzgerald, Mary H.
  Harris refrigerator
• Dr. Pennington again (frozen foods)

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Food processing cont

• New foods infant formulas, travel foods,
  survival foods, etc.
• Marie Mofort Catholic nun cake (1420)
• Mary Hopping 19th century refried bean loaf
• Anonymous ice cream cone (1904)
• Ruth Wakefield, Debra J. Fields cookies
• Diet Foods
• Jean Slutsky Nidetch Weight Watchers (1960s)
• Women usually responsible for nutrition of
  families
• Nutrition
• Dr. Kamala Sohonie important research in food
  and plant chemistry

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Food processing cont

• Agricultural machines
• Frances Willoughby grain thrashing invention
  (1722)
• Lady Ann Vavasour Machinery for tilling land
• Ann B. Harned Manning mower reaper
• Hand tools
• Elizabeth H. Buckley shovel (1828)
• Sister Tabitha Babbit iron nails
• Eliza B. Wilcox pitchfork rake (1886)
• Genetic engineering
• Annie C. Y. Chang gene-splicing techniques
• Mary-Dell Chilton method for introducing genes
  into plant cells and reliably producing normal
  fertile plants
• Prevents enormous loss

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Women invent!

• Miranda Smith Joanna B. Tribble Rebecca Walter
• Elizabeth A. Briggs Nellie Brown Mary Bryan
• Anna L. Miller Dr. Joan Moore Dr. Mary Glynne
• Marie Schaefer Henrietta King Sally Forbes
• Claudia Meilland Helen Newton Turner Nancy P.
  Wilkerson
• Kathleen K. Meserve Geneva Armstrong Elizabeth
  A. Craig
• Alice Vonk Cora B. Shellengerger Ingabrit T.
  Ingebritson
• Dr. Virginia Walbot Mary A. Lipscomb Lettie
  Smith
• Olga Kolomiets Mary Taylor Hannah Warner