SS8H6a Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states

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SS8H6aExplain the importance of key
issues and events that led to the Civil War
include slavery, states rights, nullification,
Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the
Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott
case, election of 1860, the debate over secession
in Georgia, and the role of Alexander Stephens.

• Concept
• Conflict and Change
• Individuals and Groups
• Rule of Law

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION PAGE 36
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SS8H6a
Why did southern states try to form their own
country?
CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR
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STATES RIGHTS

• This phrase refers to individual states being
  sovereign (or having the right to govern itself).
  According to the 10th amendment of the
  constitution
• The powers not delegated to the United States
  by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
  States, are reserved to the States respectively,
  or to the people.
• Basically, states wanted to follow their own
  laws, and they did not want the federal
  government (United States) to overrule state
  laws.

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STATES RIGHTS

• The main issue over states rights involved the
  institution of slavery. Southern states feared
  that Congress would pass laws eventually
  outlawing the practice of slavery, which would
  hurt the southern agricultural economic way of
  life involving the growing of cotton and tobacco
  on large plantations.

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SLAVERY

• When the Georgia Trustees first envisioned their
  colonial experiment in the early 1730s, they
  sought to avoid the slave-based plantation
  economy that had developed in other colonies in
  the American South. The allure of profits from
  slavery, however, proved to be too powerful for
  white Georgia settlers to resist. By the era of
  the American Revolution (1775-83), African slaves
  constituted nearly half of Georgia's colonial
  population. Although the Revolution fostered the
  growth of an antislavery movement in the northern
  states, white Georgia landowners fiercely
  maintained their commitment to slavery even as
  the war disrupted the plantation economy. In
  subsequent decades slavery would play an
  ever-increasing role in Georgia's shifting
  plantation economy. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

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SLAVERY

• By the 1790s entrepreneurs were perfecting new
  mechanized cotton gins, the most famous of which
  was invented by Eli Whitney on a Savannah River
  plantation owned by Catharine Greene in 1793.
  This technological advance presented Georgia
  planters with a staple crop that could be grown
  over much of the state. As early as the 1780s
  white politicians in Georgia were working to
  acquire and to distribute fertile western lands
  controlled by the Creek Indians, a process that
  continued in the nineteenth century with the
  expulsion of the Cherokees. By the 1830s cotton
  plantations had spread across most of the state.
  
  New Georgia Encyclopedia

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SLAVERY

• Although slavery played a dominant economic and
  political role in Georgia, most white Georgians
  did not own slaves. In 1860 less than one-third
  of Georgia's adult white male population of
  132,317 were slaveholders. Slaveholders
  controlled not only the best land and the vast
  majority of personal property in the state but
  also the state political system. In 1850 and 1860
  more than two-thirds of all state legislators
  were slaveholders. More striking, almost a third
  of the state legislators were planters. Hence,
  even without the cooperation of nonslaveholding
  white male voters, Georgia slaveholders could
  dictate the state's political path. - New
  Georgia Encyclopedia

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Kentlaw.edu
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MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• In 1819, the United States was divided equally
  with 11 free states and 11 slave states. People
  living in the Missouri Territory applied for
  statehood as a slave state, but Congress did not
  approve because there would be an imbalance of
  power. Think back to the Senate where 2 senators
  represent each states. If Missouri was allowed
  to be a slave state then there would be 24 US
  senators coming from slave states and 22 from
  non-slave states. Slave states would have an
  advantage when trying to pass or keep from
  passing certain laws.

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MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• To keep a balance in the US Congress, a
  compromise was made to allow Maine to be admitted
  to the Union as a free state while Missouri was
  added to the United States as a slave state.
  Also part of the compromise was that slavery
  would be outlawed north of the 36th degree line
  of latitude.

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NULLIFICATION CRISIS

• The United States Congress passed the tariff of
  1828 in order to increase the price of foreign
  goods so that the same goods manufactured in the
  north would be cheaper in price. This helped
  northern businesses, but people in the south were
  having to pay more for a product that was their
  second choice since their first choice (foreign
  product) is now more expensive because of the
  tariff (tax) added to the cost.
• Southerners felt this unconstitutional and that
  they should not have to pay the tariff. South
  Carolina threatened to leave the union if the
  tariffs were not repealed.

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COMPROMISE OF 1850

• Just like the Missouri Compromise, the
  Compromise of 1850 involved slavery. To keep
  balance in the US government California became a
  free state and Texas was added as a slave state.
  But the states still argued over the issue of
  slavery in the nations capital as well as the
  problem of runaway slaves in the south. Southern
  states threatened to leave the Union in order to
  preserve slavery and states rights in the South.

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GEORGIA PLATFORM

• Georgians met at the state capital in
  Milledgeville to discuss the Compromise of 1850.
  Representative Alexander Stephens supported the
  Compromise of 1850 because he did not want
  Georgia to secede from the Union. He felt
  Georgia and the southern states had too much too
  lose if they seceded and lost a Civil War.
  Georgia helped prevent war and secession.

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COMPROMISE OF 1850

• As part of the Compromise of 1850, Congress
  passed the Fugitive Slave Act. This law said
  that slaves could not become free once they
  entered into free states. Instead, slaves were
  to be returned to the slave states and anyone
  helping a slave to freedom faced fines and
  imprisonment. This angered northerners who
  disagreed with slavery. The other part of the
  1850 Compromise was that slave trading became
  illegal in Washington D.C.

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KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT

• In 1854, Congress allowed the people living in
  the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to vote on
  the issue of slavery. This is known as popular
  sovereignty. The Republican Party was created
  because it did not like this act because it
  repealed the Missouri Compromise which stated
  that slavery was not allowed north of the 36th
  line of latitude. Kansas would become a free
  state.

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Dred Scott was a slave from the slave state of
Missouri who traveled with his master Dr. John
Emerson to the free state of Illinois. Dred
Scott eventually tried to sue for his freedom
since he believed that he could not be a slave in
a free state. The Supreme Court did not rule
in his favor. Instead, the Supreme Court decided
that Dred Scott could not sue in court because
slaves were not citizens, therefore, he had no
rights. The Court also allowed slaves to be
taken to free states b/c they were property of
their masters. The ruling was a victory for
southern slave owners, while abolitionists in the
north disagreed.
DRED SCOTT SUPREME COURT CASE
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ELECTION OF 1860

• For decades the arguments about slavery have
  been growing louder between people who live in
  the Northern states and people who live in the
  Southern states. Northerners believe slavery
  should be abolished for moral reasons.
  Southerners feel the end of slavery will destroy
  their regions rural economy. Many in the South
  think the election of Northerner Abraham Lincoln
  to be president of the United States will be a
  serious blow to their way of life.
• - Bentley Boyd chestercomix

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WHAT DID ABRAHAM LINCOLN DO TO BECOME SUCH A
FAMOUS AMERICAN IN UNITED STATES HISTORY?
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DEBATE OVER SECESSION

• Lincolns victory in the 1860 presidential
  election caused southern states to hold
  conventions on whether or not they should secede
  from the Union in order to protect the
  legalization of slavery in their states.
• South Carolina became the 1st state to secede
  from the Union, while Georgia became the 5th
  state to secede.

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WHAT MESSAGE IS THIS PRIMARY SOURCE POLITICAL
CARTOON TYRING TO CONVEY?
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ROLE OF ALEXANDER STEPHENS

• Alexander Stephens was a U.S. Representative
  from Georgia who was PRO-slavery, but he was
  against Secession. When Georgia held a
  convention to decide on secession Alexander
  Stephens argued against it by saying the South
  should remain loyal to the Union. He believed
  that if the South seceded then a Civil War would
  break out and if the South lost then they would
  lose their states rights, especially the right
  to keep slavery legal.

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ROLE OF ALEXANDER STEPHENS

• Despite Alexander Stephens and his words of
  caution, Georgia decided to secede anyway. Those
  states in the south that seceded created the
  Confederate States of America, a separate
  country. Alexander Stephens was persuaded to
  become the vice-president of the C.S.A., most
  likely to appeal to southerners that were just
  like him wanted to keep slavery, but really
  didnt want to leave the union. This would help
  keep the southern states united.

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