Jan Baptisa van Helmont (1648)

1
Jan Baptisa van Helmont (1648)

• "...I took an earthenware vessel, placed in it
  200 pounds of soil dried in an oven, soaked this
  with rainwater, and planted in it a willow branch
  weighing 5 pounds. At the end of five years, the
  tree grown from it weighed 169 pounds and about 3
  ounces. Now, the earthenware vessel was always
  moistened (when necessary) only with rainwater or
  distilled water, and it was large enough and
  embedded in the ground, and, lest dust flying be
  mixed with the soil, an iron plate coated with
  tin and pierced by many holes covered the rim of
  the vessel. I did not compute the weight of the
  fallen leaves of the four autumns. Finally, I
  dried the soil in the vessel again, and the same
  200 pounds were found, less about 2 ounces.
  Therefore 169 pounds of wood, bark, and root had
  arisen from water only.
• 6CO2 6H2O Energy C6H12O6 6O2

2
Jan Baptisa van Helmont (1648)

• "...I took an earthenware vessel, placed in it
  200 pounds of soil dried in an oven, soaked this
  with rainwater, and planted in it a willow branch
  weighing 5 pounds. At the end of five years, the
  tree grown from it weighed 169 pounds and about 3
  ounces. Now, the earthenware vessel was always
  moistened (when necessary) only with rainwater or
  distilled water, and it was large enough and
  embedded in the ground, and, lest dust flying be
  mixed with the soil, an iron plate coated with
  tin and pierced by many holes covered the rim of
  the vessel. I did not compute the weight of the
  fallen leaves of the four autumns. Finally, I
  dried the soil in the vessel again, and the same
  200 pounds were found, less about 2 ounces.
  Therefore 169 pounds of wood, bark, and root had
  arisen from water only.
• 6CO2 6H2O Energy C6H12O6 6O2

3
Photosynthesis
4
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5
Light
Click on an image to view the slide.
6
Wavelength
Light travels in waves. The color of light is
determined by its wavelength. The red light shown
below has a wavelength of 700 nm.
700 nm
Red Blue
470 nm
Notice that blue light has a shorter wavelength.
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7
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible light is only a part of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
nanometers
10-5
10-3
1
103
106
1 m
103 m
Gamma rays
X-rays
UV
Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
8
Electromagnetic Spectrum
nanometers
10-5
10-3
1
103
106
1 m
103 m
Gamma rays
X-rays
UV
Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
9
Electromagnetic Spectrum
nanometers
10-5
10-3
1
103
106
1 m
103 m
Gamma rays
X-rays
UV
Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
The spectrum shown below fits into the small
space shown on the line.
Visible light
10
Photosynthetic Pigments
Click on an image to view the slide.
11
Photosynthetic Pigments
Light behaves as if it is composed of units or
packets called photons.
Photon
Plants have pigment molecules that contain atoms
that become energized when they are struck by
photons of light. Energized electrons move
further from the nucleus.
12
Photosynthetic Pigments
Heat or light
The energized molecule can transfer the energy to
another atom or molecule or release it in the
form of heat or light.
13
Photosynthetic Pigments
Heat or light
When the energy is released, the electron returns
to a location closer to the nucleus.
14
What color is best?

• In this experiment, a prism is used to produce a
  gradient of light that ranges from red to blue.
  The large cell is a photosynthetic alga called
  Spirogyra seen magnified under a microscope. The
  spiral-shaped green structure is its chloroplast.
• The bacteria (represented by dots) are aerobic,
  that is, they require oxygen.
• The slide was initially prepared so that there
  was no oxygen present in the water surrounding
  the alga.
• Photosynthesis produces oxygen and the bacteria
  congregate in areas where the most oxygen is
  produced, thus, where the rate of photosynthesis
  is highest. Blue and red light therefore produce
  the highest rate of photosynthesis.

Bacteria
Chloroplast of Spirogyra
Colors produced by a prism
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15
Absorption Spectrum
This graph shows the color of light absorbed by
three different kinds of photosynthetic pigments.
Notice that they do not absorb light that is in
the green to yellow range.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids
absorption
400 500
600 700
Wavelength
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16
Overview
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17
Two Kinds of Reactions

• The reactions of photosynthesis can be divided
  into two main categories
• The light reactions require light.
• The light-independent reactions occur either in
  the light or in the dark.
• As you view the rest of these slides, keep in
  mind that the goal of photosynthesis is to
  synthesize glucose.
• Carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose (see
  equation below). Be sure that you know what is
  meant by reduced before you go on.
• The electrons needed for this reduction come from
  water.
• The energy needed for this reduction comes from
  light.
• The equation isEnergy 6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6
  6O2

18
Light Reactions
light
light reactions
ATP
NADPH
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19
Light Reactions
H2O
O2
light
light reactions
ATP
NADPH
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20
Light-Independent Reactions
H2O
O2
light
light reactions
ATP
NADPH
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
C02
The reduction of CO2 to glucose occurs in the
light-independent reactions.
C6H12O6
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21
Summary of Photosynthesis
This slide summarizes photosynthesis. 6CO2 6H2O
E ? C6H12O6 6O2
H2O
O2
light
light reactions
ATP
NADPH
ADP
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
NADP
C02
C6H12O6
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22
Chloroplast Structure
Click on an image to view the slide.
23
Elodea leaf X 400
The small green structures within the cells of
this plant are chloroplasts.
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24
Chloroplast Structure
Stroma
Double membrane
Thylakoids
25
Photosystem II
26
Summary of Photosynthesis
The next several slides will examine the light
reactions of photosynthesis.
H2O
O2
light
light reactions
ATP
NADPH
ADP
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
NADP
C02
C6H12O6
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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27
Antenna
This drawing shows a magnified view of a part of
a thylakoid. The green area is the thylakoid and
the blue area is the stroma of the chloroplast.
Photosynthetic pigments embedded within the
membrane form a unit called an antenna.
Antenna
Stroma
Thylakoidmembrane
Photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll A,
chlorophyll B and carotinoids.
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28
Reaction Center, Electron Acceptor
A pigment molecule within the antenna absorbs a
photon of light energy. The energy from that
pigment molecule is passed to neighboring pigment
molecules and eventually makes its way to pigment
molecule called the reaction center. When the
reaction center molecule becomes excited
(energized), it loses an electron to an electron
acceptor.
Light energy
Thylakoidmembrane
Electron acceptor
Reaction center
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29
Reaction Center, Electron Acceptor
As a result of gaining an electron (reduction),
the electron acceptor becomes a high-energy
molecule. Remember - its energy came from
light. To understand this transfer of energy,
recall that oxidation is the loss of an electron
and the loss of energy. Reduction is the gain of
an electron and energy. Energy is transferred
with the electron.
Light energy
Thylakoidmembrane
Electron acceptor
Reaction center
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30
Antenna, Photosystem
The antenna and electron acceptor are called a
photosystem. There are two kinds of photosystems
in plants called photosystem I and photosystem
II. Photosystem I is sometimes called P700 and
photosystem II is sometimes P680. The 680 and 700
designations refer to the wavelength of light
that they absorb best.
Photosystem
Antenna
Thylakoidmembrane
Electron acceptor
Reaction center
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31
Antenna, Photosystem
In the diagrams that follow, the antenna will be
drawn as a single green circle and the electron
acceptor as a single red circle.
Photosystem
Antenna
Thylakoidmembrane
Electron acceptor
Reaction center
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32
Electron Transport System
Click here to review the electron transport
system of the mitochondrion.
33
Electron Transport System
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
The three blue circles represent the electron
transport system. They are proteins embedded
within the thylakoid membrane. The first protein
receives the electron (and energy) from the
electron acceptor.
Stroma
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34
Electron Transport System
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
As a result of gaining an electron (reduction),
the first carrier of the electron transport
system gains energy. It uses some of the energy
to pump H into the thylakoid.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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35
Electron Transport System
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
The carrier then passes the electron to the next
carrier. Because it used some energy to pump H,
it has less energy (reducing capability) to pass
to the next H pump.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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36
Electron Transport System
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
This carrier uses some of the remainder of the
energy to pump more H into the thylakoid.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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37
Electron Transport System
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
The electron is passed to the next carrier which
also pumps H.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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38
Electron Transport System
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
The electron transport system functions to create
a concentration gradient of Hinside the
thylakoid.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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39
Photophosphorylation
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
The concentration gradient of H is used to
synthesize ATP. ATP is produced from ADP and Pi
when hydrogen ions pass out of the thylakoid
through ATP synthase.
H
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H
Thylakoids
Stroma
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40
Photophosphorylation
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
This method of synthesizing ATP by using a H
gradient in the thylakoid is called
photophosphorylation.
H
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H
Thylakoids
Stroma
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41
Photosystem I
42
Photosystem I
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
H
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H
At this point, the electron has little reducing
capability (little energy is left). It is passed
to the P700 antenna.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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43
P700 Antenna
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
H
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H
A pigment molecule in the P700 antenna absorbs a
photon of solar energy. The energy from that
molecule is passed to neighboring molecules
within the antenna. The energy is eventually
passed to the reaction center of this antenna.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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44
Electron Acceptor
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
H
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H
As a result of being energized, the P700 reaction
center loses the electron to an electron acceptor.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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45
NADP
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
NADP H NADPH
H
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H
The acceptor passes it to NADP, which becomes
reduced to NADPH. According to the following
equation, NADP has the capacity to carry two
electrons. NADP 2e- H ? NADPH
Thylakoids
Stroma
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46
Splitting H2O
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
NADP H NADPH
H
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H
The electron that was initially lost by
photosystem II (P680) must be replaced.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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47
Splitting H2O
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
NADP H NADPH
H
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H2O?2e- 2H ½ O2
H
A hydrogen atom contains one electron (e-) and
one proton (H). The two hydrogen atoms in a
water molecule can therefore be used to produce
2e- and 2H.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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48
Summary of Light Reactions
NADPH NADP
light
e- acceptor
e- acceptor
ATP
This diagram traces the path followed by an
electron during the light reactions. The path is
indicated by red arrows and letters. The
high-energy parts of the pathway are drawn near
the top of the diagram.
electrontransportsystem
P700 antenna complex
P680 antenna complex
H2O 2e- 2H O
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49
Calvin Cycle
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
NADP H NADPH
CO2
H
Calvin Cycle
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H2O?2e- 2H ½ O2
H
glucose
The next several slides show how the products of
the light reactions (ATP and NADPH) are used to
reduce CO2 to carbohydrate in the Calvin cycle.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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50
Calvin Cycle
LightEnergy
Chloroplast
NADP H NADPH
CO2
H
Calvin Cycle
H
H
H
H
H
ATP ADP Pi
H
H2O?2e- 2H ½ O2
H
glucose
The reactions of the Calvin cycle occur in the
stroma of the chloroplast.
Thylakoids
Stroma
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51
Calvin Cycle
52
Summary of Photosynthesis
H2O
O2
light
light reactions
ADP
ATP
NADPH
NADP
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
C02
C6H12O6
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
Photosystem II Electron Transport System
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53
CO2 Fixation

• CO2 fixation refers to bonding CO2 to an organic
  molecule to make a larger molecule.
• C5 CO2 C6

54
CO2 Fixation
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
RuBP Carboxylase (rubisco)
6 C-C-C-C-C
CO2 fixation refers to bonding CO2 to an organic
molecule to make a larger molecule. Each CO2 is
bonded to ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). C5 CO2
C6
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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55
C3 Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
RuBP Carboxylase (rubisco)
PGA
RuBP
6 C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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56
Calvin Cycle
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
RuBP Carboxylase (rubisco)
PGA
RuBP
6 C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
PGAL
12 C-C-C
The two molecules of PGA are reduced to form PGAL
(phosphoglyceraldehyde).
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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57
Calvin Cycle
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
RuBP Carboxylase (rubisco)
PGA
RuBP
6 C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
12 ATP
PGAL
12 C-C-C
12 ADP P
12 NADPH
12 NADP
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58
Calvin Cycle
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
RuBP Carboxylase (rubisco)
PGA
RuBP
6 C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
6 ADP P 6 ATP
10 C-C-C
12 ATP
PGAL
12 C-C-C
12 ADP P
12 NADPH
Glucose
C-C-C-C-C-C
12 NADP
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59
Calvin Cycle
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
RuBP Carboxylase (rubisco)
PGA
RuBP
6 C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
6 ADP P 6 ATP
10 C-C-C
12 ATP
PGAL
12 C-C-C
12 ADP P
12 NADPH
Glucose
C-C-C-C-C-C
12 NADP
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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60
Calvin Cycle
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
RuBP Carboxylase (rubisco)
PGA
RuBP
6 C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
6 ADP P 6 ATP
10 C-C-C
12 ATP
PGAL
12 C-C-C
12 ADP P
12 NADPH
Glucose
C-C-C-C-C-C
12 NADP
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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61
Summary of Photosynthesis
H2O
O2
light
Light reactions
ADP
ATP
NADPH
NADP
Light-independent reactions
C02
C6H12O6
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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62
End of Part 1

• Please go back and review these slides and the
  information on photosynthesis before continuing.
• When you are ready to resume, select
  Photorespiration on the menu.

63
Photorespiration
Begin this topic with the next slide.
64
CO2 Fixation
6 CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
RuBP Carboxylase (rubisco)
RuBP
6 C-C-C-C-C
12 C-C-C
10 C-C-C
12 C-C-C
C-C-C-C-C-C
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65
Cross Section of a C3 Leaf
Stomata (singular stoma) are microscopic openings
on the undersurface of leaves that allow gas
exchange and water evaporation from inside the
leaf. Because dehydration can be a serious
problem, the stomata close when the plant is
under water stress. When closed, CO2 needed for
the Calvin cycle cannot enter.
mesophyll cells
bundle-sheath cells
vein
stoma
66
If CO2 is low
6 CO2
CO2
6 C-C-C-C-C-C
O2
RUBISCO
RuBP
6 C-C-C-C-C
When the concentration of CO2 is low (red above),
oxygen will bind to the active site of RUBISCO.
When oxygen is bound to RUBISCO, RuBP is broken
down and CO2 is released.  This wastes energy and
is of no use to the plant. It is called
photorespiration because oxygen is taken up and
CO2 is released.
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67
Cross Section of a C3 Leaf
Photosynthesis occurs within the mesophyll cells
in C3 plants, which form a dense layer on the
upper surface of the leaf and a spongy layer on
the lower surface. Bundle-sheath cells
surrounding the veins are not photosynthetic.
mesophyll cells
bundle-sheath cells
vein
stoma
68
C4 Plants
69
Cross Section of a C4 Leaf
mesophyll cells
bundle-sheath cells
vein
stoma
70
CO2 Fixation in C4 Plants

• CO2 fixation occurs in mesophyll cells

71
CO2 Fixation in C4 Plants

• CO2 fixation occurs in mesophyll cells
• Calvin cycle occurs in bundle sheath cells

72
Review Exercises
73
Review ATP

• Identify components A through D.
• ADP Pi
• ATP
• Energy

A
B
C
D
74
Review NADPH

• NADP
• NADPH H
• Energy 2H

A
B
C
D
75
Review Summary of Photosynthesis
H
I
Identify ADP Pi ATP Calvin cycle CO2 glucose
phosphate light NADP NADPH oxygen water
A
light reactions
D
B
C
E
F
J
G
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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76
Review Chloroplast Structure

• Where do the light reactions occur?
• Where do the light-independent reactions occur?

light
light reactions
ADP
H2O 2H 2e- O
ATP
NADPH
NADP
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
C02
C-C-C-C-C-C
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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77
Review Calvin Cycle
How many carbon atoms?
G
Light Pigments Overview Chloroplast
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78
Review Calvin Cycle
Identify each component.
79
Review Inputs and Products
Fill in the Boxes below.
Light Reactions
Light-Independent Reactions
Inputs
Produced
80
Review Inputs and Products
Fill in the Boxes below.
Light Reactions
Light-Independent Reactions
light, ADP, NADP, H2O
Inputs
Produced
81
Review Inputs and Products
Fill in the Boxes below.
Light Reactions
Light-Independent Reactions
light, ADP, NADP, H2O
Inputs
ATP, NADPH, O2, H
Produced
82
Review Inputs and Products
Fill in the Boxes below.
Light Reactions
Light-Independent Reactions
light, ADP, NADP, H2O
ATP, NADPH, CO2
Inputs
ATP, NADPH, O2, H
Produced
83
Review Inputs and Products
Fill in the Boxes below.
Light Reactions
Light-Independent Reactions
light, ADP, NADP, H2O
ATP, NADPH, CO2
Inputs
glucose, ADP, NADP
ATP, NADPH, O2, H
Produced
84
The End
85
Mitochondrion Structure

• This drawing shows a mitochondrion cut lengthwise
  to reveal its internal components.

Intermembrane Space
Cristae Matrix
86
Oxidative Phosphorylation
outside
These red dots represent proteins in the electron
transport system
inside
intermembrane space
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87
Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
H
H
NADH and FADH2 from cellular respiration bring
electrons to the electron transport system.
NADH
e-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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88
Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
H
H
When a carrier is reduced, some of the energy
that is gained as a result of that reduction is
used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane
into the intermembrane space.
e-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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89
Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
H
The electron is then passed to another carrier.
e-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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90
Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
H
As before, some of the energy gained by the next
carrier as a result of reduction is used to pump
hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space.
e-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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91
Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
e-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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92
Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
H
e-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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93
Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
Eventually, a concentration gradient of hydrogen
ions is established in the intermembrane space
(green on the diagram).
e-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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94
Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
The last carrier must get rid of the electron. It
passes it to oxygen to form water (next slide).
e-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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95
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Note that e- H ? H
H
H
H
H
Two electrons are required to form one molecule
of water. The process therefore happens twice for
each water molecule.
2H 2e- 1/2 O2 ? H2O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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96
Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
ADP Pi
H
ATP
H
H
H
H
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97
Summary of Oxidative Phosphorylation
H
H
H
2H 2e- 1/2 O2 H2O
NADH
H
H
H
H
H
H
ADP Pi
H
ATP
H
H
H
H
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98
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Click here to return to electron transport in the
chloroplast