Title: Chapter 10 Review of Human Systems Anatomy and Physiology
1Chapter 10Review of Human SystemsAnatomy and
Physiology
2Objectives
- Discuss importance of human anatomy related to
paramedic practice - Describe anatomical position
- Interpret anatomical terms
- List structures of the axial and appendicular
skeleton - Define division of the abdomen
- List the three major body cavities and their
contents
3Objectives
- Discuss functions of cellular structures
- Describe cellular reproduction
- Differentiate between body tissue types
- Label and list functions of body organs
- Label and list functions of special senses
4Fun Games
- University of Minnesota
- Web Anatomy
- http//msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/
- Anatomy Arcade
- http//anatomyarcade.com/
- McGraw Hill
- http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072351136/s
tudent_view0/a_p_arcade.html
5UW School of Medicine
- IME Video Library
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/
6Terminology
7Terminology
- Supine
- On back, face up
- Prone
- On stomach, face down
- Lateral recumbent
- On side
8Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal plane
- Vertical
- left and right sides
- Transverse plane
- horizontal
- top and bottom halves
- Frontal plane
- coronal
- front and back
9Body Regions
- Appendicular
- Extremities
- Axial
- Head, neck, thorax, abdomen
10Body Regions
- Abdominal region
- KNOW THE ORGANS IN EACH QUADRANT
11Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic Cavities
12cell Eukaryotes nucleus
13Cells
- Most basic unit of life
- Composed of protoplasm
- living contents of cell
- surrounded by plasma membrane
- Main parts of human cells
- Cytoplasmic membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
14Cytoplasm and Organelles
- Cytoplasm
- gel-like
- Organelles
- Functional structures
15Cells
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Centrioles
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Chromatin granules
16- cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane
- regulates movement into and out of cell
- Nucleus
- protein synthesis (DNA)
- Nucleoli
- Ribosome formation
- Ribosomes
- synthesize protein
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- rough protein
- smooth lipid and carb synthesis
17- Mitochondria
- powerhouse
- Lysosomes
- Digestive system
- Golgi apparatus (complex)
- synthesize carbs, bind with protein
- packages product as globules of glycoprotein
- Centrioles
- cell reproduction
- Cilia
- movement (hair-like)
- flagella
- movement (tail-like)
18Cell Functions
- Movement
- Conductivity
- Metabolic absorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
- Respiration
- Reproduction
19Cell Reproduction
- Human cells (except sex cells) reproduce by
mitosis - Division throughout life
- Epithelial cells
- Liver cells
- Bone marrow cells
- Some divide until near time of birth
- Nerve cells
- Skeletal muscle cells
- Apoptosis Cell death
20Tissues
- Epithelial
- Classified by shape and arrangement of cells
- continuous sheet of cells
- Connective
- Seven subgroups
- cells with matrix
- Muscle
- Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- Nerve
- Neurons, neuroglia
21How is your tissue like a house?
22Organ Systems
- Organ
- two or more tissues
- organized to perform a more complex function than
one tissue alone can accomplish - System
- Group of organs
- perform a more complex function than any one
organ alone can accomplish - 11 major organ systems in the human body
23Body Systems
24Integumentary System
- Largest organ system
- Functions
- Protection against injury
- Prevention of dehydration
- Defense against infection
- Aid in temperature regulation
25Integumentary System
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hair
- Nails
- Glands
26Integumentary System
- Superficial Thorax and Abdomen
- (8.00 minutes)
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1250
- 2.26 Dermal Layers
- SC tissue
- Nerves
- Anatomic Landmarks
- 6.20 Lymph Nodes
27Skeletal System
- Bones
- short bones
- longs bones
- flat bones
28skeletal system
- Connective tissues
- Cartilage
- Tendons
- Ligaments
29Axial Skeleton
- Skull
- 28 bones
- Hyoid bone
30Axial Skeleton
- Vertebral column
- 26 bones
- 5 regions
- 7 cervical vertebrae
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
- 1 sacral bone
- 5 fused vertebrae
- 1 coccygeal bone
- 5 fused vertebrae
31Axial SkeletonVertebral Column
32Thoracic Cage
- Protects organs
- Prevents collapse of thorax
- 12 rib pairs
- Sternum
- 3 components
33- Abdominal wall, Back Muscles, Spinal Cord
24.40 - http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1251
- Pectoralis muscle
- Ribs, Intercostals Spaces
- 10.30 Back and Vertebral columns
34Appendicular Skeleton
- Bones of the upper and lower extremities and
their girdles - Pectoral girdle
- Scapula and clavicle
- Attaches upper limbs to the axial skeleton
35Upper Extremity
- Humerus
- Radius/ulna
- Wrist
- Hand
36Pelvic Girdle
- Attaches legs to trunk
- Coxae
- Acetabulum
37Femur
- Longest bone
- Articulates with acetabulum
- Articulates with patella
38Tibia
- Larger than fibula
- Supports most of leg's weight
- Distal end forms lateral malleolus
- Medial side of ankle joint
39Fibula
- Does not articulate with femur
- Articulates with tibia
- Distal end forms lateral malleolus
- Lateral aspect of ankle joint
40Foot
- Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
- Talus articulates with tibia and fibula
- Calcaneus
41Biomechanics of Body Movement
- All bones (except hyoid) connect to at least one
other bone - Three major classifications of joints
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
42 Fibrous Joints
- Two bones joined by fibrous tissue
- Little or no movement
- Sutures
43Fibrous Joints
- Syndesmoses
- slightly moveable
- bones united by interosseous membrane
- Gomphoses
- binds teeth to bone sockets
- only joint where bone does not join another bone
44Cartilaginous Joints
- Synchondroses
- Bones joined with hyaline cartilage
- epiphyseal growth plate in children
- costal cartilage
- Symphysis
- Bones joined with fibrocartilage
- fusion
45Synovial Joints
- Contain synovial fluid
- Plane or gliding joints
- Saddle joints
- Hinge joints
- Pivot joints
- Ball-and-socket joints
- Ellipsoid joints
46Synovial Joints
47Types of Movement
48Types of Movement
49Types of Movement
50Types of Movement
51Types of Movement
52Muscular System
- Primary functions of skeletal muscle
- Movement
- Postural maintenance
- Heat production
53Physiology of Skeletal Muscle
- Contractile cells (muscle fibers)
- Skeletal muscle fiber
- Thick and thin myofilaments
- Sarcomere
- Contractile unit of skeletal muscle
- Contraction process
- Myofilaments slide toward each other
54Neuromuscular Junction
- Impulse enters muscle fibers through motor neuron
- Neuromuscular junction (synapse)
55Skeletal Muscle Movement
- Muscle contraction pulls bone toward another
across movable joint - Attachment of each muscle at origin and insertion
- Synergists
- works in concert with other muscles
- Antagonists
- works in opposite direction
- Prime mover
- move joint in particular direction
- agonist with synergist muscle groups
56Skeletal Muscle Movement
57Types of Muscle Contraction
- Isometric or isotonic
- Muscle movement often is a combination of
isometric and isotonic contraction - http//www.spike.com/video-clips/mktv3a/ode-to-jac
kie-chan
58Postural Maintenance
- Muscle tone
- Keeps back and legs straight
- Head upright
- Abdomen flat
59Heat Production
- Chemical reaction
- Breakdown of ATP during muscle contraction
results in some energy loss as heat - Largely responsible for normal body temperature
- Shivering
60Nervous System
- Major regulatory and coordinating system
- Rapidly transmits information from one body area
to another
61Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Continuous with each other
62Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Nerves
- Ganglia
- 43 pairs of nerves form PNS
- 12 pairs from brain
- 31 pairs from spinal cord
- Afferent division
- Efferent division
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vwLrhYzdbbpEfeature
related
63Autonomic Nervous System
- Transmits action potentials from CNS to
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Certain glands
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vYFYRosjcVuU
64Central Nervous System
65Brain Stem
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vsnO68aJTOpM
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vyQetOVB_VZo
- Medulla, pons, and midbrain
- Connects spinal cord to brain
66Medulla
- Regulates
- Heart rate
- Blood vessel diameter
- Breathing
- Swallowing
- Vomiting
- Coughing
- Sneezing
- Inferior portion of brain stem
- Pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts
67Pons
- Relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum
- Sleep center
- Respiratory center
- Helps control
- breathing
68Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
- Smallest region of brain stem
- Involved in
- Audio pathways in the CNS
- Visual reflexes
- Helps regulate coordination of motor activities
and muscle tone
69Reticular Formation
- A group of nuclei scattered throughout the brain
stem - Part of reticular activating system
- Involved in sleep-wake cycle and in maintaining
consciousness
70Diencephalon
- Between brain stem and cerebrum
- Thalamus and hypothalamus
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v8eJcHefMSiI
71Thalamus
- Largest portion of diencephalon
- Receives sensory input
- Relays impulses to cerebral cortex
- Influences mood, general body movements
- Strong emotions
72Hypothalamus
- Major controller
- Gatekeeper" to
- cerebrum
- Active in
- Emotions
- Hormonal cycles
- Sexual activity
- Temperature regulation
73Cerebrum
- Largest portion of brain
- Right and left hemispheres
- Each hemisphere divided into lobes
74Cerebrum
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Temporal lobe
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhIo6ck75EZcfeature
related
75Limbic System
- Portions of cerebrum and diencephalon
- Influences
- Emotions (and visceral responses)
- Motivation
- Mood
- Sensations of pain and pleasure
76Cerebellum
- Second largest part of brain
- Major functions
- Motor coordination
- Compares impulses from motor cortex with those
from moving structures - Compares intended movement with actual movement
- Responsible for precise movements
77Spinal Cord
- Location and function
- Dorsal root
- Ventral root
- Spinal ganglia
- Primary reflex center
78Meninges
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1liTxUxT9xQfeature
related
79Peripheral Nervous System
- Collects information from inside body and body
surface - Relays information by afferent fibers to CNS
- Relays information by efferent fibers from CNS to
various parts of body
80Cranial Cavity
- IME Videos
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1269
- 2555 minutes
81Spinal Nerves
- First pair exits between skull and first cervical
vertebrae - Spinal nerves in sacrum exit the bone
- 8 pairs exit in cervical region
- 12 pairs exit in thoracic region
- 5 pairs in lumbar region
- 5 pairs in sacral region
- 1 pair in coccygeal region
82Dermatomes
- Spinal nerves (except C1) have specific cutaneous
sensory distribution - Dermatome
- Skin surface area supplied by single spinal nerve
83Cranial Nerve Functions
- Sensory
- Somatomotor
- Proprioception
- Parasympathetic
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1NYFedWKAGIfeature
fvsr
84Autonomic Nervous System
- Afferent neurons
- Efferent neurons
- Somatomotor neurons
85Autonomic Nervous System
86Endocrine System
- Hormones
- Dissolved in blood plasma
- Quickly distributed throughout the body
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vHrMi4GikWwQ
87Circulatory System
- Blood functions
- Blood components
- Plasma (55)
- Formed elements (45)
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
88Anatomy of the Heart
- Muscular pump
- Two atria
- Two ventricles
- Cone shaped
- Size of a closed fist
89(No Transcript)
90(No Transcript)
91- Thorax (26.41)
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1253
- Lungs, pleura
- Heart and pericardium
92Anatomy of the Heart
- In mediastinum
- In pericardial cavity
- 2/3 of mass lies left of midline of sternum
- Pericardium
- Coronary vessels
93Coronary Vessels
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- Right and left coronary arteries
94Heart Chambers and Valves
- Interatrial septum
- Interventricular septum
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves
- Tricuspid valve
- Mitral (bicuspid) valve
- Semilunar valves
- Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
95Conduction System of the Heart
- Sinoatrial node
- Atrioventricular node
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje fibers
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vbxKBQqe_Bo0
96Normal Conduction
- Sequence of normal impulse conduction
- SA node
- Both atria
- AV node
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje fibers
- Both ventricles
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vriUAFkV7HCUfeature
related
97Blood Flow through the Heart
98Peripheral Circulation
- Flow of blood
- Ventricles
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venous system
- Thinner, less elastic than arteries
99Capillary Network
- Blood supply to capillaries
- by arterioles
- Blood flows to venules
- Flow regulated by precapillary sphincters
- Function
- Nutrient and waste
- exchange
100Arteries and Veins
- Walls have three layers of elastic tissue (except
capillaries and venules) - Tunica intima
- (inner layer)
- Tunica media
- (middle layer)
- Tunica adventitia
- (outer layer)
101Types of Arteries
- Conducting arteries
- Large and elastic
- Distributing arteries
- Small to medium size
- Arterioles
- Smallest
102Venules
- Similar structure to capillaries
- Collect blood from capillaries
- Transport blood to small veins
- Nutrient exchange occurs across venule walls
103Veins
- Walls are layer of smooth muscle cells
- Medium and large veins carry blood to venous
trunks and then to heart - Large veins have valves
- Allow blood to flow to but not from the heart
104Arteriovenous Anastomoses
- AV shunts
- Allow blood flow from arteries to veins without
passing through capillaries - Natural AV shunts
- Pathological shunts
105Pulmonary Circulation
- Blood from right ventricle is pumped into
pulmonary trunk - Bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries
- Transports blood to respective lungs
- After exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Two pulmonary veins exit each lung and enter the
left atrium
106Systemic Circulation
- Blood enters left heart from pulmonary veins
- Blood passes through left atrium into left
ventricle and then into aorta - From aorta, blood is pumped throughout the body
107Arteries of Systemic Circulation
- Aorta
- Coronary arteries
- Arteries to the head and neck
- Arteries of the upper and lower limbs
- Thoracic aorta and its branches
- Abdominal aorta and its branches
- Arteries of the pelvis
108Veins of Systemic Circulation
- Coronary veins
- Veins of the head and neck
- Veins of the upper and lower limbs
- Veins of the thorax
- Veins of the abdomen and pelvis
- Veins of the hepatic-portal system
109Lymphatic System
- Considered part of circulatory system
- Carries fluid away from tissues
- Components
- Functions
- Maintain fluid balance
- Absorb fats
- Role in immune system
110Posterior Thorax
- Posterior Thorax (21.07)
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1254
111Airway Anatomy
- Upper airway
- Above glottis
- Lower airway
- Below glottis
112 Pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Uppermost part of airway
- Behind nasal cavities
- Nasal septum
- Vestibule
- Olfactory membranes
- Sinuses
113Pharynx
- Oropharynx
- Begins at level of uvula
- Extends to epiglottis
- Opens into oral cavity
114Pharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Tip of epiglottis to glottis and esophagus
- Mucous membrane lining to protect internal
surfaces
115Larynx
- Three functions
- Air passageway
- Prevents solids and liquids from entering
respiratory tree - Speech production
116Larynx
- Nine cartilages
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Only complete cartilaginous ring in larynx
- Epiglottis
- Hyoid bone
- Cricothyroid membrane
117Larynx
- Vestibular folds
- False vocal cords
- Vocal cords
- True vocal cords
118- Mouth and Pharynx
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1272
- Start at 13.15
- 13.15 Pharynx, innervations of cranial nerves
- 19.30 pharynx nasal, oral, laryngeal
- 28.30 Submandibular Triangle Hypoglossal
Cranial nerve - 32.30 Nasopharynx
- Nasal Cavity and Larynx (10.43)
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1273
- 700 Larynx
119Lower Airway Structures
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree
- Primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Lungs
120Pulmonary Surfactant
- Thin film that coats alveoli
- Prevents alveoli from collapsing
121Lungs
- Respiration
- Attached to heart by pulmonary arteries and veins
- Separated by mediastinum
- Bases of lungs rest on diaphragm
- Apex extends 2.5 cm above clavicles
122Pleural Cavity
- Pleural cavity surrounds each lung
- Two layers (visceral and parietal)
- Pleural space
123Digestive System
- Provides body with water, electrolytes, and
nutrients - Specialized to
- Ingest food
- Propel food through GI tract
- Absorb nutrients
- Functions
- Components
124- Peritoneal Cavity (24.48)
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1255
- 6.35 tour of abdominal organs
- 9.58 Testes, ovaries, hernia pathways
- 20.15 Inguinal triangle
- Blood supply
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/6875
125Stomach
- Storage and mixing area
- Secretes mucus
- Gastric gland secretes
- Hydrochloric acid
- Intrinsic factor
- Gastrin
- Pepsinogen
126Small Intestine
- Secretes mucus, electrolytes, water
- Lubricates and protects intestinal walls
- Mixes, propels chyme
- Absorbs fluid and nutrients
127Liver
- Secretes 600-1000 mL bile per day
- Dilutes stomach acid
- Emulsifies fat
- Role in
- Iron metabolism
- Plasma-protein production
- Detoxification of drugs
- Glucose metabolism
128Gallbladder
- Stores bile
- Stimulated to contract by
- Cholecystokinin
- Secretin
- Excretes bile into small intestine
129Pancreas
- Exocrine gland
- Pancreatic juice
- Amylase
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Other digestive enzymes
- Endocrine gland
- Insulin
- Glucagon
130Large Intestine
- Absorption of water and salts
- Secretion of mucus
- Microorganism actions
- Vitamin K
- Nutrient release and absorption
- Conversion of chyme
- Defecation through anus
131- Posterior Abdominal Wall (10.08)
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1256
132Urinary System
- Helps maintain
- Homeostasis
- Constant body fluid volume and composition
- Control of RBC production
- Vitamin D metabolism
133Kidneys
- On either side of vertebral column
- Outer cortex and inner medulla
- Nephron
- Basic functional unit of kidney
134Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
Male urinary bladder
135Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
- Urethra
- In males, extends to end of penis, where it opens
to outside - In females, much shorter urethra
- Opens into vestibule anterior to vaginal opening
Male urinary bladder
136Urine Production
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
137Urine Regulation
- Controlled by
- Hormonal mechanisms
- Autoregulation
- Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
138Hormonal Mechanisms
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Atrial natriuretic factor
- Prostaglandins and kinins
139Autoregulation
- Kidneys can regulate stable filtration rate over
a wide range of blood pressures - Large increases in arterial pressure increase
rate of urine production - Decreases in arterial pressure decrease urine
production
140Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation
- Sympathetic neurons innervate blood vessels of
the kidney - Decreased renal blood flow may result from
- Severe stress
- Intense exercise
- Circulatory shock
141Male Reproductive System
- Testes
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Urethra
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral
- glands
- Scrotum
- Penis
142Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- External genitalia
- Mammary glands
143Ovaries
- Ovaries are attached to broad ligament
(mesovarium) - Other ovarian ligaments
- Suspensory ligament
- Ovarian ligament
144Ovaries
- Ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves traverse the
suspensory ligament - Enter the ovary through mesovarium
- Dense outer portion (cortex)
- Looser inner portion (medulla)
- Ovarian follicles
- Each contains an oocyte
- Distributed throughout cortex
145Uterine Tubes
- Ducts for the ovaries
- Open directly into the peritoneal cavity to
receive the oocyte
146Uterus
- Size and shape of a pear
- Fundus
- Cervix
147External Genitalia (Vulva)
- Vestibule and surrounding structures
- Labia minora
- Clitoris
- Labia majora
- Clinical perineum
- Area between vagina and anus
148Mammary Glands
- Milk production
- Lactiferous duct divides to form smaller ducts
- Forms secretory sacs that secrete milk during
nursing
149Special Senses
- Provide brain with information about outside
world - Include
- Smell
- Taste
- Sight
- Hearing and balance
150Olfactory Sense Organs
- Receptors lie in upper nasal cavity
- Impulses are interpreted by brain as odors
151Taste
- Taste receptors
- Taste buds
152Visual System
- Eyes
- Accessory structures
- Optic nerve, tract, and pathways
- Second cranial nerve (optic nerve)
- Third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve)
153- Orbit (11.21)
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1270
154Anatomy of the Eye
- Sclera
- Cornea
- Vascular tunic
- Iris
- Retina
- Compartments of the eye
- Anterior chamber
- Posterior chamber
155Compartments of the Eye
- Anterior chamber
- Aqueous humor
- Helps regulate intraocular pressure
- Refracts light
- Provides nutrition
- Posterior chamber
- Vitreous humor
- Helps regulate intraocular pressure
- Refracts light
- Holds retina
156Accessory Structures
- Conjunctiva
- Lacrimal gland
157Hearing and Balance
- External ear
- Middle ear
- Inner ear
158- Ear (5.27)
- http//videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1271
159Conclusion
- The paramedic must thoroughly understand human
anatomy to organize a patient assessment by body
region and to communicate effectively with
medical direction and other members of the health
care team.
160Questions?