Chapter 11: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

1
Chapter 11 Personality Theory, Research, and
Assessment
2
Defining PersonalityConsistency and
Distinctiveness

• Personality Traits
• Dispositions
• The Five-Factor Model
• Extraversion
• Neuroticism
• Openness to experience
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness

3
outgoing
assertive
upbeat
friendly
sociable
gregarious
4
anxious
vulnerable
insecure
self-conscious
hostile
5
curiosity
flexibility
artistic sensitivity
imaginativeness
vivid fantasy
unconventional attitudes
6
sympathetic
trusting
modest
cooperative
straight forward
7
diligent
punctual
disciplined
dependable
well-organized
8
Psychodynamic Perspectives

• Freuds psychoanalytic theory
• Conflict
• Sex and Aggression
• Anxiety
• Defense Mechanisms

9
Psychodynamic Perspectives

• Freuds psychoanalytic theory
• Structure of personality
• Id - Pleasure principle
• Ego - Reality principle
• Superego Morality

10
Holds Urges in Check With Reality
EGO
Holds Urges in Check With Morality
Gratify Urges Immediately
ID
Superego
11
Psychodynamic Perspectives

• Freuds psychoanalytic theory
• Levels of awareness
• Conscious
• Unconscious
• Preconscious

12
Figure 11.2 Freuds model of personality
structure
13
Figure 11.3 Freuds model of personality dynamics
14
Table 11.1 Defense Mechanisms, with Examples
15
Freud on DevelopmentPsychosexual Stages

• Sexual physical pleasure
• Psychosexual stages
• Oral (0-1)
• Anal (2-3)
• Phallic (3-5)
• Oedipus / Electra Complex
• Latency (5-12)
• Genital (Adolescence)
• Fixation Excessive gratification or frustration

16
Table 11.2 Freuds Stages of Psychosexual
Development
17
Other Psychodynamic Theorists

• Carl Jung Analytical Psychology
• Personal and collective unconscious
• Archetypes

18
Personal and Collective Unconscious
19
Figure 11.4 Jungs vision of the collective
unconscious
20
Other Psychodynamic Theorists

• Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
• Striving for superiority
• Compensation

21
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives

• Pros
• The unconscious
• The role of internal conflict
• The importance of early childhood experiences
• The use of defense mechanisms
• Cons
• Poor testability
• Inadequate empirical base
• Sexist views

22
Behavioral Perspectives

• Skinners views
• Conditioning and
• response tendencies

23
Figure 11.5 A behavioral view of personality
24
Behavioral Perspectives

• Banduras social cognitive theory
• Observational learning
• Models
• Self-efficacy

25
Figure 11.6 Personality development and operant
conditioning
26
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives

• Pros
• Based on rigorous research
• Insights into effects of learning and
  environmental factors
• Cons
• Over-dependence on animal research
• Fragmented view of personality
• Dehumanizing views

27
Humanistic Perspectives

• Carl Rogerss person-centered theory
• Self-concept
• Conditional/unconditional positive regard
• Incongruence and anxiety

28
Figure 11.7 Rogerss view of personality
structure
29
Figure 11.8 Rogerss view of personality
development and dynamics
30
Humanistic Perspectives

• Abraham Maslows theory of self-actualization
• Hierarchy of needs
• The healthy personality

31
Figure 11.9 Maslows hierarchy of needs
32
Figure 11.10 Maslows view of the healthy
personality
33
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives

• Pros
• Recognized importance of subjective views
• Recognized importance of self-concept
• Laid foundation for positive psychology
• Cons
• Many aspects of theory are difficult to test
• Unrealistic optimism
• More empirical research needed

34
Biological Perspectives

• Eysenks theory
• Determined by genes
• Extraversion-introversion
• Behavioral genetics
• Twin studies
• Heritability estimates
• The evolutionary approach
• Traits conducive to reproductive fitness

35
Figure 11.11 Eysencks model of personality
structure
36
Evaluating Biological Perspectives

• Pros
• Convincing evidence for genetic influence
• Cons
• Too much reliance on heritability estimates
• No comprehensive biological theory