Civil Engineering Design

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Civil Engineering Design

• Prof. Jon Southen
• November 12, 2008

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Goals and Objectives of this lecture

• Provide introduction to engineering design as
  practiced in Civil engineering
• Provide context regarding the environment in
  which Civil engineering design takes place
• Provide examples of engineering graphics used in
  Civil engineering

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Civil Engineering Design

• The Civil engineering project
• Types of project
• Principal players
• General design process
• Design considerations
• Codes, regulations, guidelines
• Constructability
• Validation techniques
• Design delivery
• Drawings
• Specifications

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Civil Engineering Projects

• Civil Engineering oldest discipline
• Civil-Military distinction
• Wide variety within Civil
• Structural
• Environmental
• Geotechnical
• Wind
• Etc.
• Basic design considerations, techniques common

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CIVIL ENGINEERING WORLD(IDEALIZED)
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CIVIL ENGINEERING WORLD (REAL)
Urban planners
Elect. Eng.
Civil Engineering
Mechanical Eng.
Politicians
Economists
Lawyers
Architects
Bankers
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Civil Engineering Design

• Project-Based
• Physical nature of the product
• Large, heavy, and expensive
• Each project is unique
• A large part of the components are manufactured
  elsewhere
• Ultimate use of the product
• a means to further production
• an addition to or improvement of the
  infrastructure of the economy
• a social investment (e.g. hospitals)
• an investment for direct enjoyment (e.g. housing)
• Demand for and price of the product

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The Construction Project

• A project (construction or otherwise) is defined
  by the following characteristics
• A defined goal or objective
• Specific tasks not routinely performed
• A defined beginning and end
• Defined deliverables
• Resources being consumed

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Categories Of Construction Projects

• Building Construction Projects
• Office buildings, large apartment buildings,
  shopping malls, etc.
• Large segment of market, but heavily dependent on
  local economy
• Designed by architects with engineering support
• Built by general contractors
• Privately funded
• Greater technical and investment requirements
  than residential projects

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Categories Of Construction Projects

• Heavy Construction Projects
• Infrastructure roadways, bridges, dams,
  tunnels, canals
• Designed by civil engineers
• Built by heavy construction contractors with
  engineering background or support
• Typically publicly funded
• Long duration less sensitive to economy

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Categories Of Construction Projects

• Industrial Construction Projects
• Steel mills, petroleum refineries, chemical
  plants, automobile plants, etc.
• Defined more by the production activities than by
  the facility itself
• Privately funded
• Quality and time are most important
• Very technical few companies, cooperation
  important throughout the project

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Principal Players

• Owner
• Design Professional
• Constructor

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Principal Players

• Owner
• Also called the client
• Pays the bills and receives the benefit
• Determines scope, schedule and budget (either
  in-house or with outside assistance) i.e.
  defines need
• May be public or private

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Principal Players

• Design Professional
• Engineers, architects, consultants
• Assists the owner in developing the scope,
  schedule and budget
• Prepares construction documents that are used to
  build the project
• Responsible for the physical integrity of the
  project (licensed)

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Principal Players

• Constructor
• Contractor, general contractor, prime contractor,
  builder, construction manager
• Interprets the contract documents and physically
  constructs the project
• May employ subcontractors

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Linear Project Life Cycle
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Civil Engineering Design Sequence
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Civil Engineering Design

• The Civil engineering project
• Types of project
• Principal players
• General design process
• Design considerations
• Codes, regulations, guidelines
• Constructability
• Validation techniques
• Design delivery
• Drawings
• Specifications

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Civil Engineering Design Considerations

• Owner requirements basis for problem definition
  refined by feasibility study phase
• Objectives and constraints influenced by owner
  requirements as well as outside factors codes,
  regulations, guidelines
• Constructability also a key factor

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Building Codes

• Used locally to regulate building construction
• Intent is to protect public health and safety
• National Building Code
• of Canada 2005
• Model building code
• Ontario Building Code
• Regulated building code
• based on NBCC

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Building Codes

• Set minimum standard of construction quality
• Includes definition of occupancy groups and
  construction types, with corresponding
  limitations on building size, components,
  construction methods, etc.
• Other codes pertain to specific building systems
  (e.g. plumbing)

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Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code

• CAN/CSA-S6-06 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code
• Used in all Provinces to
• design bridges over 3m
• span

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Design Guidelines and Manuals

• Various organizations have developed guidelines
  and design manuals to assist engineers in
  designing components not covered in general
  building codes.
• E.g. Concrete Design Handbook (Canadian Cement
  Institute), Canadian Foundation Engineering
  Manual (Canadian Geotechnical Society)
• Provide specific guidelines for designing various
  civil engineering components

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Regulations

• Civil engineering designs often directly related
  to public activities
• Regulations may dictate many aspects of design,
  especially environmental
• E.g. landfill design Ontario Regulation 232/98

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O.Reg. 232/98 Landfill Design Groundwater
Protection
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O.Reg. 232/98 Landfill Design Groundwater
Protection
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O.Reg. 232/98 Landfill Design Groundwater
Protection
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O.Reg. 232/98 Landfill Design Groundwater
Protection

• Alternatively, a site-specific design for
  groundwater protection may be used, provided it
  can be demonstrated that the design meets the
  Ontario Reasonable Use Guidelines pertaining to
  groundwater resources

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Civil Engineering Design

• Specific elements of the overall project are
  designed with due consideration of applicable
  codes, guidelines and regulations
• Engineering judgment required to assess what is
  applicable and whether the proposed design meets
  requirements
• Engineering science principles not expressed in
  codes, etc. must be adapted and applied to
  specific design constraints
• Goal is to ensure project objectives are met
  while ensuring safety

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Cost Analysis

• Often primary basis for choosing among several
  viable design alternatives
• Preliminary designs offer basis for estimating
  construction costs estimating
• Value engineering takes cost implications into
  consideration throughout the design iteration
  process

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Constructability

• Constructability (how easily the proposed design
  can actually be built) is often a key factor in
  project cost
• Often the involvement of a construction manager
  is incorporated in the design phase to ensure
  constructability is considered and thus enhance
  the value engineering process

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Civil Engineering Design

• The Civil engineering project
• Types of project
• Principal players
• General design process
• Design considerations
• Codes, regulations, guidelines
• Constructability
• Validation techniques
• Design delivery
• Drawings
• Specifications

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Design Delivery

• Client (owner) retains designer (engineer) to
  prepare bid package for constructor (contractor)
• Bid package (final design) fully describes
  project such that contractor can construct the
  design and estimate cost to do so (i.e. prepare
  bid for owner)
• Final design consists of drawings and
  specifications which fully describe design

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Civil Engineering Drawings

• Civil engineers typically use two-dimensional
  representations to describe designs
• What must be described and the level of detail is
  dependent on the current phase of the project

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Civil Engineering Drawings

• Topographic Base Maps
• Created based on site investigations and surveys
• Used during feasibility and conceptual planning
  stages of project
• Shows contours (grade), control points, natural
  and artificial features, etc.

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Topographic Base Map
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Civil Engineering Drawings

• Planning-level drawings
• Used early in project to describe concepts
• Limited engineering analysis to support
• May be simple sketch, or include key dimensions
  where cost information necessary
• General plan and typical section views

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Planning-level Drawing
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Civil Engineering Drawings

• Conceptual-level drawings
• Developed to compare costs, evaluate relative
  advantages/disadvantages and identify flaws so a
  preferred concept can be selected
• Drawings more detailed than planning-level, but
  not suitable for construction
• Plan and one (or more) cross sections

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Conceptual-level Drawing
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Civil Engineering Drawings

• Final design drawings
• Used by contractor to construct design
• Contain all necessary information (with
  specifications) to bid and build project
• Used to support permit applications
• Used to prepare accurate estimate of costs
• More detailed and more drawings typically required

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Final Design Drawing
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Final Design Drawings

• Typically a set of drawings is required to fully
  characterize the project, e.g.
• Title Sheet
• Abbreviations / Legend / General Notes
• Existing Conditions
• Subsurface Conditions
• Group Drawings (Civil, Structural, Mech., etc.)
• General Layout Plans
• Detailed Layout Plans
• Sections and Details Sheets
• Miscellaneous Details Sheets

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Design Controls

• A set of benchmarks, coordinate grids, control
  points, baselines, centrelines, etc.
• Used to
• determine the design alignment and dimensions
• avoid interference between different members of
  the design team
• enable the surveyor to establish line and grade

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Plan of Design Controls
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Civil Engineering Drawings

• A number of typical 2-D views are used by Civil
  engineers to represent a 3-D design
• 3-D views (e.g. isometric, oblique) are usually
  not used in Civil drawings
• Various views are used
• Plan View
• Section View
• Elevation View
• Profile View
• Detail View

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Plan View

• Typically most important view all others are
  supplemental
• Depicts the design in context with the existing
  site details

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Section View

• Also called a cross section, basically a cut
  through a structure
• Shows the internal relationships among various
  components of a structure
• Adequate number required to show all internal
  features

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Elevation View

• Shows the vertical relationship of various
  features
• Is an external view of the side not a cut like
  a section view
• More common for concrete and mechanical structures

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Profile View

• Essentially a long section view along an entire
  structure
• Useful for highways, tunnels, pipelines, etc.
• Usually has different horizontal and vertical
  scales (exaggerated vertical)

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Detail View

• Show design features and requirements when
  overall plan, section and other views do not have
  proper scale and resolution to do so
• Essentially enlargements of design features,
  included in other views

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Technical Specifications

• Used in conjunction with drawings to fully
  describe all of the technical requirements
  necessary to complete a project
• Should not overlap information with drawings
• Includes things like material requirements,
  testing requirements for quality control,
  installation procedures and tolerances, schedule
  requirements, safety issues and responsibilities
  etc.

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Civil Engineering Design

• The Civil engineering project
• Types of project
• Principal players
• General design process
• Design considerations
• Codes, regulations, guidelines
• Constructability
• Validation techniques
• Design delivery
• Drawings
• Specifications