The Cold War - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Cold War

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Title: The Cold War


1
The Cold War 1945-89
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The Cold War
  • Years of tension hostility between Superpowers
  • U.S. Vs. USSR
  • War of ideas
  • Communism Vs. Democracy
  • Capitalism Vs. command
  • Arms Race, Space Race, etc.

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The End of WWII
  • Democracy restored to nations of Western Europe
  • Aided by U.S. G. Britain
  • Eastern Europe occupied by armies of USSR
  • Stalin supported the establishment of pro
    communist governments in the Region

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Yalta Conference 1945
  • Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
  • Germany would be divided into zones of occupation
  • Stalin promises Eastern European countries will
    have free elections

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Potsdam Conference
  • Stalin, Truman,Attlee
  • Stalin refuses free elections in Eastern European
    countries
  • Establishes satellite nations (pro communist
    governments) in occupied countries

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  • An Iron Curtain has descended across Europe- W.
    Churchill 1946
  • Western Europe Democratic
  • Eastern Europe- Communist

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A Wall Divides Europe
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U.S. Policy of Containment
  • U.S. policy of blocking further Communist
    expansion
  • Limiting Communism to regions already under
    Communist control
  • Creating alliances,aiding weak
    countries, military action
  • Ex. Vietnam, Korea, Marshall Plan, Truman
    Doctrine

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Truman Doctrine 1947
  • U.S. sent military financial aid to Turkey
    Greece
  • Dictated US foreign policy for years to come
  • 400 Million
  • Helping them resist communist forces
  • Proved successful

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The Marshall Plan June 1947
  • U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall
  • Massive economic aid package for European
    Recovery
  • 12.5 Billion in loans
  • Strengthened Democracies
    in Europe
  • Lessened the appeal of communism

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Marshall Plan
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Crisis in Germany
  • Germany is divided into 4 occupational zones
  • US, France, Britain USSR
  • Division is supposed to be
    temporary
  • Tensions grew between East
    West
  • Stalin feared a strong united Germany

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The Berlin Blockade
  • Berlin the divided capital was located in the
    Eastern sector
  • 1948- three western zones unified
  • Stalin responded by
    attempting to to force
    the allies out
    of Berlin
  • Closed of all land routes to city
  • Shut off supplies to city

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The Berlin Airlift
  • American British response to blockade
  • Yearlong airlift of food, fuel medicine into
    Western Berlin
  • Planes fly around the clock missions
  • The Soviets end blockade in 1949

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Operation Viddles
  • Planes took off landed every 3 minutes
  • 277,000 flights
  • 2.3 million tons of supplies

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A Divided Germany
  • 1949-German Democratic Republic (East
    Germany)-Communist
  • 1949-German Federal Republic(West Germany)-
    Democratic
  • Division would last until 1990

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The Berlin Wall
  • 1961-East Germany constructed a wall that
    separated East from West Berlin
  • Known as the wall of death
  • The Walls destruction in 1989 symbolizes the
    fall of communism

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The Wall of Death
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The Berlin Wall
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Opposing alliances
  • 1949-NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  • Defensive alliance
  • 10 Western European nations w/ US Canada
  • Pledged to support each other if attacked

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  • 1955 Warsaw Pact
  • Soviet Response to NATO
  • Also a defensive alliance
  • Alliance between USSR 7 of its Eastern European
    satellites countries

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Arms Race
  • Stockpiling development of the deadliest
    weapons
  • Atomic bomb US 1945/ USSR 1949
  • Hydrogen Bomb US 1952/ USSR 1953
  • Construction of ICBMs Intercontinental Ballistic
    Missiles

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  • Arms race raised the level of tension for over 40
    years
  • Raised fears that conflict would destroy the
    world
  • Brinkmanship- willingness to go to the brink or
    edge of destruction

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The Space Race
  • 1957USSR launched first satellite Sputnik
  • US founds NASA
  • 1961USSR launch first man in space
  • 1969 US lands on moon
  • US USSR explored military use of spy satellites

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The Cold War Heats UP
  • US USSR Never clash head to head
  • They clashed through surrogate or representative
    states

Vietnam
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Korean War
1950-1953
  • Following WWII Korea is divided _at_ 38th
    Parallel
  • North(Communist), South
    (non-communist)
  • 1950- N. Korea invades South
  • US Containment put to the test

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  • UN forces led by Macarthur prevented
    communist takeover
  • Three years of Back forth fighting
    (Ping Pong)
  • Armistice signed in 1953
  • Border is reset _at_ 38th Parallel

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  • Korea remains divided
  • US troops patrol DMZ
  • Hot spot in the world today
  • North Korean construction of Nuclear weapons

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THE DMZ
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Cuba
  • 1959-Cuban revolutionary Fidel
    Castro overthrows the government
  • Becomes Communist state dependant upon USSR
  • Still rules today as dictator

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  • 1961- Bay of Pigs Invasion
  • Exiled Cuban Nationalists backed by US attempt
    overthrow of Castro
  • Invasion is crushed
  • Kennedy administration
    is humiliated

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  • The Cuban Missile Crisis
  • USSR installs missile bases in Cuba
  • Threat to US security
  • US blockades Cuba
  • US USSR brought to the brink of war
    (Brinkmanship)

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  • Crisis is avoided after 13 days
  • USSR dismantles nuclear missiles

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Vietnam War
  • 1954- France loses control of its colonies in
    Indochina to Communist/ Nationalist forces
  • Vietnam is divided _at_ the 17th Parallel
  • Communist(North)
  • Led by Ho Chi Minh
  • Anti-communist (South)

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  • US forces sent in to prevent Communist from
    uniting Vietnam
  • Eisenhowers Domino Theory
  • US pulls out in 1973/ Saigon falls in 1975
  • Vietnam remains communist today

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Repression in Eastern Europe
  • USSR kept a tight grip on its satellites
  • Any revolts were put down with extreme force
  • East Germany Poland 1950s
  • 1956 Hungary
  • 1969 Czechoslovakia

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USSR Leaders
The Old
The New
Gorbachev
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Nikita Khruschev
  • Soviet leader following Stalin 1953-1964
  • Destalinization
  • Purged the USSR of Stalins
    memory
  • Policy of peaceful coexistence with Capitalist
    states
  • Maintained strict control over satellites

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Leonid Brezhnev
1964-1982
  • Adopted repressive measures _at_
    home in Satellites
  • Brezhnev Doctrine
  • Initiated Détente with the US
  • A cooling down of tensions between East West
  • SALTI II- 1972,1979
    Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties
  • Limited of ICBMs

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Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-91
  • Drastically reformed the Soviet government
    failing economy
  • Withdrew Soviet Troops from
    Afghanistan
  • Encouraged Glasnost (openness)
  • Ended censorship encouraged free flow of ideas
  • Allowed open criticism of the government

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  • Perestroika
  • Movement towards a free market economy
    (Capitalism) NEP?
  • Democratization
  • Voters could choose candidates for office

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  • Allowed pro-democracy movements in the Satellites
  • Repealed Breshnev Doctrine
  • Without threat of Soviet force, communism
    crumbles in E. Europe
  • EX. The Berlin Wall 1989

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The Collapse of the USSR
  • 1991 Baltic States Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
    declare independence
  • Shortly after all other 15 Soviet Republics gain
    independence
  • 1991 The USSR ceases to exist

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Then Now
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Unification of Germany
  • 1989 Berlin Wall comes down
  • 1990 Germany is reunited
  • Financial strain on West Germany
  • Unemployment
    rises in East

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Poland
  • 1980 Independent trade union Solidarity led by
    Lech Walesa calls for a
    change
  • Polish government outlaws union arrested
    members
  • 1989 Lech Walesa is elected President of Poland

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Others...
  • Czechoslovakia breaks apart
  • Czech Republic Slovakia
  • Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia- Herzegovina,
    Macedonia separate from Yugoslavia
  • Bosnia becomes crisis point in 1990s
  • Genocide of Non- Serbs

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The August Coup
  • 1991- Communist hardliners attempt to overthrow
    Gorbachev
  • Attempts failed but Gorbachev resigns

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Boris Yeltsin
  • Succeeds Gorbachev after failed coup
  • 1st popularly elected
    President of Russia
  • Adopted policy of Shock Therapy
  • Abrubt shift to a free market economy
  • Living standards declined/ economy faltered/
    corruption rampant
  • Resigned 1999 due to poor health

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Vladimir Putin
  • Current President of Russia
  • Continues market reforms
  • Former KGB administrator
  • Problems still exist today with rebel Province of
    Chechnya
  • Improved relations w/ U.S., E.U., NATO China

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Non-aligned Countries during the Cold War
  • US USSR attempted to gain influence over Third
    World countries
  • Underdeveloped countries of Africa Latin
    America
  • Military, technical, financial assistance
  • Backed revolutions (Cuba, Nicaragua, Afghanistan)

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