Introduction to Nursing Research - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Introduction to Nursing Research

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Title: Introduction to Nursing Research Author: Connie M. Ryan Last modified by: Eric Created Date: 1/18/1999 7:45:51 AM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Introduction to Nursing Research


1
Introduction to Nursing Research
2
Think about thisfor later discussion
  • A Philanthropist puts a notice on the bulletin
    board at your school or work setting. She wrote
    that she is willing to fund a 200,000 nursing
    study in the name of her deceased mother who was
    cared for by wonderful nurses. She is asking
    for suggestions. What one study would you
    suggest?

3
Nursing Research
  • Why is a course in research methods part of this
    program???
  • What are your gut feelings about taking this
    class??? Are you
  • excited?
  • full of dread?
  • fearful
  • curious
  • angry
  • ready for this whole thing to be over?!

4
Research and the Consumer
  • Science produces knowledge
  • This knowledge provides society with more
    choicesor does it control our choices?
  • Can be used to manipulate
  • Can imply info which isnt necessarily fact

5
What do I believe???
  • One study says to do one thing another study
    says that I should do the opposite!
  • What is a person to do?

6
Read the study?
  • Do you simply accept the findings because they
    are scientific?
  • How do you know which studies are credible?
  • This course will help!

7
Why get excited about research?
  • The essence of all research originates in
    curiosity - a desire to find out how and why
    things happen
  • How can?
  • Why is?
  • What is the best way to?
  • What causes?
  • What are the effects of?

I wonder...
8
Importance of Nursing Research
  • Nurses ask questions aimed at gaining new
    knowledge to improve pt. care
  • Research-based (evidence based) practice
    integrating research findings into clinical
    decision making

9
Importance of Nursing Research
  • Accountability for care-related decisions
    research expands nursing practice
  • Reinforce identity of nursing as a profession
    knowing/ understanding pts. health care
    experience

10
History of Nursing Research
  • Began with Nightingale and Crimean War- mid
    1800s
  • Early 1900s problems in nursing education,
    staffing issues
  • 1960s Practice oriented research first nursing
    research journals
  • 1983 - ANA Center for Research for Nursing

11
History of Nursing Research
  • 1986 - National Center for Nursing Research
    (NIH) awards/grants to support nursing research
    training
  • 1993 Re-designated at NIH as the National
    Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)

12
Scientific Inquiry
  • Observable, verifiable data collected to
  • Describe
  • Explain
  • Predict events

13
Scientific Method
  • Select/define a problem
  • Formulate research question/hypothesis
  • Collect data
  • Analyze data
  • Report results

14
Scientific Method
  • 2 Unique Characteristics
  • Objectivity distance research from personal
    beliefs, values, attitudes Why???
  • Empirical Data documenting objective data
    through direct observation reality

15
Scientific Method
  • Test
  • Ideas
  • Hunches
  • Guesses
  • Doesnt that sound like fun???

16
Nursing Research
  • Application of scientific method to areas of
    interest to nursing
  • Primarily involves studying people People do
    not behave consistently as do objects/chemicals
    in a laboratory!

This poses special challenges!
17
Continuum of participation
  • Consumers of research read and evaluate
  • Participate in the research process, utilize
    findings
  • Conduct research

18
Quantitative Research
  • Formal, objective, systematic process using
  • measurement
  • hypothesis testing
  • data analysis
  • Traditional approaches such as experiments,
    questionnaires, surveys

19
Qualitative Research
  • Evaluate subjective life experiences and give
    meaning to them
  • Focuses on understanding phenomena from an
    individuals perspective
  • Approaches observation, in-depth interviews,
    case studies, narrative analyses

20
Triangulation
  • Using both quantitative and qualitative methods
    to collect data
  • May combine various research designs/data
    collection techniques in the same study combine
    psychosocial surveys, interviews, observations
  • Two approaches are complimentary and can give an
    accurate reflection of reality.

21
The Research Language - Some Terminology
  • Variable
  • Data
  • Rigor
  • Control
  • Sampling
  • Setting

22
Concept of Variable
  • Measurable characteristic that varies among
    subjects
  • Research is conducted because this variance
    occurs!
  • Types
  • Independent presumed cause
  • Dependent presumed effect

23
Data
  • Pieces of information obtained in a study
  • Are the actual values of the study variables
  • Quantitative - numeric values
  • Qualitative - narrative descriptions

24
Concept of RIGOR
  • Striving for excellence in research. Involves
  • Discipline
  • Adherence to detail
  • Strict accuracy!
  • Uses precise measurement tools

25
Concept of CONTROL
  • Using rules to decrease error and increase
    probability that study findings are an accurate
    reflection of reality
  • Ensure results that reflect true relationship
    among variables
  • Reduction of the influence of unwanted
    extraneous variables

26
Concept of SAMPLING
  • Who/what do you want to study?
  • Choosing subjects who are representative of the
    study population
  • Random Non-Random Sampling

27
Concept of SETTING
  • Location of the study - can affect results
  • Natural Setting Uncontrolled, real life
    situation
  • Partially Controlled Manipulated or modified in
    some way
  • Highly Controlled Artificial environment for
    sole purpose of doing research. Decreases
    effects of outside influences.

28
Some Myths About Research
  • The purpose of research is to prove or
    confirm a theory.
  • Research findings are presented as complete and
    conclusive answers.
  • There is a hierarchy of research methodology that
    places true experimental research at the top.

29
Intro to the Research Process
  • Involves decision making - what methods will help
    to answer a research question/test a hypothesis?
  • Is flexible - multiple possibilities, each with
    its own strengths/weaknesses
  • Is a circular process

30
The Research Process
  • What do I want to know?
  • Does anyone else know anything about this?
  • Ill make an educated guess about what I think
    the answer to my question will be.
  • Heres what Im going to do to try to answer my
    question.

31
The Research Process
  • Ill try to make sense out of all this info Ive
    collected.
  • What did I find? Was my hunch supported?
  • What do I want to know now???

32
Major Phases in the Research Process
  • 1. Selecting and defining the
    problem in need of
    investigation
  • 2. Selecting a research design
  • 3. Collecting data
  • 4. Analyzing data
  • 5. Utilizing the Findings

33
Phase 1
  • Selecting and defining the problem (area of
    research)
  • ID a question or area where knowledge can be
    advanced
  • Review related literature for rationale to do
    study
  • ID theoretical framework for interpreting results
    (maybe) (see chap 3)
  • Propose research question and/or hypothesis

34
Phase 2
  • Choose study or research design
  • ID Study Population (chap 8)
  • Design Sampling Plan (chap 11)
  • Define how will variables be measured
  • Setting
  • How data will be collected - tools
  • Pilot Study - Revisions

35
Phase 3
  • Data Collection - according to pre-established
    plan (implements the plans designed in Phase I
    II) (chap 9)
  • recruiting
  • obtaining consent
  • training staff
  • collecting data
  • Organization of the data
  • How do you analyze the data?
  • (must be appropriate form)
  • May be the longest phase of the research process

36
Phase 4
  • Data Analysis
  • Interpret findings
  • Draw conclusions
  • Hypothesis is supported or rejected (chap 10)
  • How best to utilize findings?
  • New question formulated? (can lead to new
    questions that can stimulate further study)

37
Phase 5
  • Disseminate findings - Share findings with
    colleagues
  • May report findings in journal articles, oral
    presentations, poster presentations
  • Utilize findings - use in nursing practice

38
  • Classification of research is based on the
    purpose of a study and the amount of control

39
Types of ResearchBasic Vs. Applied
  • Basic or Pure Research
  • Pursuit of knowledge or finding truth
  • Generates, refines or tests theory
  • Often uses laboratory setting
  • Findings may not be directly useful in practice
  • May be used later in development of
    treatment/drug/theory

40
Basic Vs. Applied
  • Applied or Practical Research
  • Knowledge intended to directly influence clinical
    practice
  • Conducted in actual practice conditions
  • Solve problems, make decisions, predict/control
    outcomes
  • Evaluate interventions
  • Test/validate theories
  • Evaluate Basic research knowledge for usefulness

41
  • The research findings contribute to some
    modifications of present practices.
  • Ie patient care, education, administration

42
Experimental vs. nonexperimental
  • Experimental Researcher manipulates or controls
    variable(s) and observes effect in other
    variable(s)
  • Evaluates cause and effect relationship
  • Ex Does a pre-op intervention program to ? self
    efficacy affect self care measures post-op?
  • Nonexperimental Describes or looks at
    relationships(s) or correlation between
    variables.
  • Variables are not manipulated by the researcher
  • Ex Correlation between HRT use and breast CA

43
Descriptive Research
  • Uses questionnaires, surveys, interviews or
    observations to collect data

44
Correlation Research
  • Relationships between and among variables
  • Collection of data on at least 2 variables for
    the same group of individuals
  • Calculator-the correlation between the measurer
  • Highest number of research studies in nursing are
    classified as description correlation design

45
Time dimensionRetrospective vs. Prospective
  • Retrospective Examines data already collected
    in the past
  • Ex Review of medical records to examine
    previous history in of cholesterol levels in s/p
    MI patients
  • Prospective examines data being collected in
    the present
  • Ex Study describing social support and coping
    mechanisms of women with ovarian CA

46
Time DimensionCross-Sectional vs. Longitudinal
  • Cross-sectional Collects data at one point in
    time
  • What exists today?
  • Longitudinal Studies examines variables of
    interest over a period of time
  • Advantages ability to collect data on the same
    individual over time

47
Many Approaches to Research
  • Choice of design the fun part!
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