The Reformation

1
The Reformation

• Crisis in Western Europe1517-1598

2
Background to the Reformation

• Ongoing Abuses within the Church
• The training of average priests
• The privileges of church leaders
• Pluralism/Absenteeism
• Nepotism
• General worldliness (preoccupied with politics
  and power)

3
The Reformation

• Background
• Luther
• Early Life becomes an Augustinian friar
• 95 Theses to the Diet of Worms
• What Allowed him to continue?
• Spread and diversity of reform ideas
• Catholic responses

4
Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521)
Leo X, Giovanni de Medici, son of Lorenzo the
Magnificent, ruler of Florence Clement VII (on
left) was Leos nephew, and was elected pope 1523
5
Background to the Reformation

• Ongoing abuses within the Church
• The training of average priests
• The privileges of church leaders
• Pluralism
• Nepotism
• General worldliness
• Literacy and print culture
• Political changes

6
Political Developments, 1450-1550

• A Fourth Great Power Spanish kingdoms united
• Marriage of Ferdinand, king of Aragon, and
  Isabella, queen of Castile
• Spanish Inquisition established 1478
• Impact of Exploration 1492
• Marriage Alliances
• English Dynastic Change Tudor Dynasty Founded
  (1485)
• Henry VII (r.1485-1509)
• Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
• France Valois Dynasty Under Francis I
• Charles V Becomes Holy Roman Emperor (1519)

7
Europe in the Reign of Charles V
8
The Trials of Charles V

• Disunited Empire
• More than 300 German States Alone
• His focus was divided between his Spanish
  Holdings and his Holy Roman Holdings
• Ongoing rivalry with the French over control of
  Italy
• Attacks from the Turks

9
Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• Educated and trained as a Catholic theologian
• His 95 Theses and the challenge on indulgences
• Development of his thinking leads to
  excommunication (1520)

10
Luthers Thinking Develops

• Three Significant Pamphlets (1520)
• Address to the Christian Nobility of the German
  Nation
• The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
• Freedom of a Christian
• Two Major Doctrinal Innovations
• Sola Fide (By Faith Alone)
• Sola Scriptura (Scripture Only)

11
The Role of Print Culture in Spreading Luthers
Thought
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Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521) I cannot and
I will not recant anything, for to go against
conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I
stand, I cannot do otherwise.
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Luther Protected by Frederick the Wise, Elector
of Saxony

• German princes harbor Luther as challenge to
  papal role in politics
• Charles V unable to respond initially due to
  other concerns
• Luther translates Bible into German

14
The Peasants Revolt (1525-26) Challenge to
authority of church and state.Eventually
denounced by Luther
15
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

• Based in Zurich
• Scripture as the only authority
• Non-sacramental liturgy(Theyre Symbols)
• Marburg Colloquy (1529) dispute with Luther
• Dies in Battle during Swiss civil war

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Anabaptists Radical Reformers

• Re-baptizers Bible a blueprint for society
• Conrad Grebel the Swiss Brethren -- Schleitheim
  Confession (1527)
• Thomas Muentzer claims Luther sold out
• Muenster Experiment in 1534-35
• Menno Simons advocates pacifism (Mennonites)

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Jean Calvin (1509-1564)

• Law student turned theologian who converts in
  1534 and flees to Geneva
• Brief time in Strasbourg with Martin Bucer
• Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
  Predestination
• Return to Geneva, the center of Reform in
  late-16th century

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The Church Strike Back

• Catholic reformers gain the upper hand in the
  church
• An attempt to counter the success of the
  Reformation in its theological aspects
• Not by compromise or accommodation but
  distinctness and reaffirmation of traditional
  beliefs

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The Catholic Reformation

• Charles V tries negotiation, then force
• Schmalkaldic League Protestant princes come
  together to defend themselves
• Defeated in 1547 at Mühlberg
• Peace of Augsburg (1555) Cuius regio, eius
  religio.
• Reform in the bones New Foundations
• Capuchins
• Ursulines
• Jesuits The shock troops of Catholic reform
  education and advisors to rulers

20
Pope Paul III Recognizes Ignatius of Loyola
21
Catholic Propaganda Against Luther
22
The Catholic Reformation (Reform in the Head)

• Initial response is to ignore
• Fifth Lateran Council (1513-1517) Men are to be
  changed by, not to change, religion.
• Paul III (r. 1534-1549)
• Interesting blend of old and new
• Places reformers in the curia
• Advice of the Reform of the Church (1537)
• Sets up Roman Inquisition (The Holy Office in
  1542)
• Calls Council of Trent (1545-1563)

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The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

• Reaffirmed Old Doctrines
• Authority in tradition AND Scripture
• Church seen as sole interpreter of Bible
• Salvation through faith AND works
• Affirmed distinction between laity and priesthood
• Rejected predestination
• Improved training of priests and required bishops
  to spend time in their dioceses
• Encouraged missionary zeal
• Repressive measures as well Inquisition and The
  Index

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Sorting Through the Doctrinal Differences

• Sources of Salvation
• Attitude towards Sacraments
• Role of the Clergy
• Relations between Church and State

25
Henry VIII (r. 1509)

• Devout Catholic Fidei Defensor
• Marriage Troubles in 1520s based in part on
  succession concerns and on religious concerns

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The Wives of Henry VIII Six or Two?
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The English Reformation Under Henry VIII

• His Key Advisors on Reform
• Thomas Cromwell (Political Controlled
  Parliament)
• Thomas Cranmer (Religious Archbishop of
  Canterbury)
• Administrative Change and Some Doctrinal Reform
  Cromwell and Cranmer
• Act in Restraint of Appeals (1532)
• Act of Supremacy (1534)
• Ten Articles (1536) Six Articles (1539)
• Upshot Modest Reform Till Henrys Death in 1547

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Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)

• Boy King aided by uncles who were devout
  Protestants
• Cranmer and Continental Reformers also Important
• 1549 1552 Act of Uniformity and Book of Common
  Prayer

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Mary I (r. 1553-1558)

• Daughter of Catherine of Aragon devout Catholic
• Turns back the clock on reform persecutes
  Heretics
• Marries Philip II of Spain, champion of
  Catholicism in Europe

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Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

• ModerateProtestant
• Act of Supremacy (1559) Modified Book of Common
  Prayer and issued 39 Articles (1563)
• Faced Protestant and Catholic threats
• Rivalry with Spain over English role on
  continent Plots and The Armada (1588)

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Religions in Europe _at_1560
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Religious Wars in the 1500s

• Problems within France due to 3 Factors
• Spread of Protestantism
• Dynastic uncertainties and
• Overmighty noble factions
• Problems in The Netherlands due to 3 Factors
• Conflict with King Philip II of Spain
• Connections with other Protestant areas and
• Rise of local resistance

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Huguenots in France 2,000 Congregations (ca.1561)
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Successors of Henry II (d. 1559)
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Noble Factions in France

• Catholic Faction led by the Guise family
• Duke of Guise starts wars in 1562 by killing a
  Huguenot congregation at Vassy
• 1576 Henry of Guise est. Catholic League

• Protestant Faction led first by the Bourbon and
  Montmorency-Chatillon factions
• Key man by late 1580s is Henry of Navarre
• Navarre will help Henry III defeat the Catholic
  League (1589)

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Massacres of Protestants Vassy and St.
Bartholomews Day
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Navarre Becomes Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)

• Henry III assassinated in 1589, no heir
• Navarre Has two claims to Throne descent and
  marriage to Henry IIIs sister
• He converts Paris is worth a mass.
• Edict of Nantes (1598) religious toleration for
  Huguenots
• Henry IV assassinated in 1610

38
The Dutch Revolt

• Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598) attempts to
  exert control over The Netherlands
• Locals resist imposition of Tridentine
  Catholicism and Spanish-style administration
• Dutch towns among wealthiest in Europe with
  contacts in England and among the German states
• Spanish face increasingly unified resistance led
  by William of Orange and after defeat of the
  Armada in 1588 begin to pull back.

39
The Twelve Years Truce, 1609