THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND THE UPSURGE OF NATIONALISM - 1812-1824

1
THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND THE UPSURGE
OF NATIONALISM - 1812-1824

• Chapter 12

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War of 1812

• War of 1812 was one of the worst fought wars.
  Reasons
• Country was divided over the war.
• New England states didnt want it
• No burning sense of outrage, as had been after
  Chesapeake
• Army was ill-trained, ill-disciplined
• Generals poor.
• War Hawks didnt follow through after voting for
  the war

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Canadian Invasion 1812
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Canadian Campaign

• Offensive strategy in Canada was poorly conceived
  and executedcomplete failure.
• American goals were to invade Canada so that 1)
  British dont have a staging ground and 2) can
  get some of that territory for US in peace
  treaty.
• Instead, three-pronged invasion from Detroit,
  Niagara and Lake Champlain.
• US forces divided and became 3 weak rather than 1
  strong force.
• These invasions were all quickly beaten back.

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Campaigns of 1813

• Campaigns into Canada in 1813 were also a failure
• Victories
• Oliver Hazard Perry Lake Erie.
• William Henry Harrison defeats Brits at Battle of
  the Thames. 10/1813

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Battles of 1814

• US stalemated at Canadian border, but now Brits
  can bring over a lot more troops. Napoleon
  defeated.
• Brits plan a three-pronged invasion
• New Orleanschoke off Miss. River
• Up Chesapeakeattack the capital
• Down Lake Champlain-Hudson Rivercapture New
  England

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New York

• 10,000 strong British force prepared to crush
  New York by invading down Lake Champlain.
• Thomas Macdonough defeats British at battle of
  Plattsburgh. 9/11/14
• Key battle of the War.
• Results
• British were forced to retreat
• Macdonough saved upper New York from conquest.
• Stopped further defections in New England
• Affected the negotiations of Anglo-American peace
  treaty in Europe.

8
Washington Burned

• 1814 a second British force landed in Chesapeake
  Bay and advanced toward Washington.
• Burned most of the public buildings, including
  Capitol and White House.
• British fleet then beaten off at Fort McHenry.
• Francis Scott Key Star Spangled Banner.

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Battle of New Orleans

• 8000 Brits attack New Orleans
• Jackson in charge of defense with hodge-podge
  force of soldiers, pirates, Frenchmen.
• Brits over-confident and attack US entrenched
  positions.
• Brits are pummeled. Jackson a hero
• But, battle two weeks after peace treaty

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The Treaty Of Ghent

• 1814, US peace delegation headed by John Quincy
  Adams.
• British have strong bargaining position
  originally. Why?
• Ask for harsh peace terms?
• Then, Brits lose in New York and Baltimore, and
  are more reasonable.
• Treaty of Ghent.
• stop fighting and to restore conquered territory.
• No mention of the American grievances.
• War essentially a draw

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The Hartford Convention

• Federalists and New England strongly oppose the
  war.
• Blue Light Federalists
• Hartford Convention (1814)Most notable
  manifestation of New England discontent
• Mass, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire
  and Vermont sent delegates
• Some discussion of secession, but report much
  less radical
• Demands?
• Convention issues its report just before Jackson
  wins at New Orleans and peace treaty is
  announced.
• Makes them look foolish, and contributes to the
  further decline of Federalist Party.

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Results of the War of 1812

• Small War and insignificant in military terms.
• But, important positive consequences for the US
• List
• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
• End of War of 1812 is a major break-point in US
  History. End of involvement in Europe for next
  100 year.
• America looks inward

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New Nationalism

• Most important by-product of War of 1812 was
  heightened nationalism
• New national literature
• New Pride in things produced by Americans.
• Changed Finance-- Revived Bank of the U.S. was
  approved by Congress.
• A new national capital was built in Washington.
• Army was expanded to 10,000 men and reliance on
  militia was discredited
• Navy grew

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The American System

• America still relied heavily on Brit. Trade
  American industry still weak.
• Brits dumping cheap products on US.
• Trans-Appalachian region only weakly tied to
  east.
• Tariff of 1816
• Significance?

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THE AMERICAN SYSTEM

• Henry Clay proposes the American System to
  strengthen America Economically.
• Three Parts
• Bank of the US
• Protective Tariffs
• Roads and Canals built by National Government to
  tie together East and West.
• Congress passes the first two parts, but
  President Monroe vetoes the money for roads and
  canals.
• WHY?
• Ultimately many of the roads and canals are built
  by the states

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James Monroe

• James Monroe (5th President) elected president in
  1816.
• Last of the Virginia dynasty
• Least distinguished on the first 8 presidents
• Last election in which Federalists ran a
  candidate.
• Fought in the revolution,
• Va. assembly,
• Continental Congress,
• Minister to France,
• negotiated Louisiana Purchase.
• Monrovia in Africa named for him.

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Era Of Good Feelings

• Term arose to describe Monroes first term.
• Reflects to sense of nationalism and recent
  victory in War of 1812.
• Something of a misnomer, and short-lived, because
  plenty of divisive issues during this period.

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The Panic Of 1819

• Deflation, bankruptcies, bank failures,
  unemployment.
• First depression.
• Cycle of boom and bust.
• Business cycle Prosperity over-speculation
  collapse depression recovery
• Causes of the Panic of 1819
• Who did it hit hardest?
• Who did the west blame?

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Growing Pains Of The West

• Between 1791 and 1819 nine frontier states had
  joined the original 13
• (Louisiana, 1812 Indiana, 1816 Mississippi,
  1817 Illinois, 1818 Alabama, 1819)
• Admitted alternately, free or slave
• Reasons for growing westward expansion?
• West nevertheless weak politically and
  economically frustrated.
• Demands of Westerners?

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Slavery And The Sectional Balance

• Slave and Free states equal at 11 each.
• Norths advantage?
• Power in House v. Power in Senate.
• Why South fears new free states.
• Missouri first state from the La. Purchase to
  seek admission.
• Tallmadge Amendment
• What it said
• What happened to it
• Impact on politics

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Missouri Compromise

• Missouri Compromise - 1820
• Henry Clay (Great Compromiser) plays a key role
• Terms
• Missouri in as slave state
• Maine carved from mass and in as free state
• Future states from La. Purchase north of 36 30
  come in free
• Set the precedent that Congress could control
  slave status in states as a condition of
  admission.

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Missouri Compromise
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John Marshall And Judicial Nationalism

• Power of national government reinforced by a
  series of decisions by the Supreme Court under
  John Marshall.
• McCulloch v Maryland Confirms broad reading of
  Nec. and Proper Clause
• Cohens v. Virginia Right of US Sup. Ct. to
  review state court decisions involving powers of
  federal government
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Only Congress can
  control interstate commerce
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Constitution forbids
  state laws impairing contracts
• Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819)

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Treaty of 1818

• Settled outstanding issues with England
• Terms
• Permitted Americans to share the coveted
  Newfoundland fisheries with Canada
• Fixed the northern limits of Louisiana Purchase.
• Provided for a 10-year joint occupation of the
  Oregon country.

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The Convention of 1818
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Acquiring Florida

• Americans want Florida
• Florida haven for Indians and ruffians raiding
  across the border into Georgia.
• Andrew Jacksons mission.
• Andrew Jacksons instructions
• Jackson runs amok
• Spanish afraid US will take it by force, so agree
  to sell.

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Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

• Spain ceded Florida as well as Spanish claims to
  Oregon
• US agreed to abandon claims to Texas.
• Solidified the South and Western border of the
  Louisiana purchase

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Changes in US Territory as a result of treaties
in 1818 and 1819
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Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
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Monroe Doctrine

• European actions toward Latin America.
• Americans alarmed. Reasons.
• Concerns over Russia
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• Noncolonization No new colonization by Europeans
  in Western Hemisphere.
• Nonintervention told European monarchs to keep
  their noses out of Americas. This was Americas
  area to deal with.

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Monroe Doctrine

• European reaction.
• Latin American reaction
• Enforceablity
• Expression of Nationalism and Isolationism.
• No real diplomatic affect for another 70 years.