Attachment - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Attachment

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... often seen in high risk families Associated with later emotional problems Up to 15% Consequences of Healthy Attachment Bowlby found that children with healthy ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Attachment


1
Attachment
  • A strong affectional tie that binds a person to
    an intimate companion.
  • Characterized by
  • Affection
  • A desire to maintain proximity in order to
    regulate distress

2
Attachment
  • Attachments are usually formed with the mother,
    but may be with any responsive and caring person.

3
Attachment
  • The Ethological Theory of Attachment
  • babies are biologically predisposed to seek and
    to form attachments 
  • the infants relationship with the parent begins
    as a set of innate signals that call the adult to
    the babies side
  • parents innately respond

4
Phases of Attachment
  • Phase 1 (birth 2 months)
  • Child initiates contact with innate signals
  • Phase 2 (2 8 months)
  • Infant begins to respond differently to strangers

5
Phases of Attachment
  • Phase 3 (7 24 months)
  • Attachment to a familiar caregiver is clearly
    evident
  • Separation anxiety
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Child uses caregiver as a secure base
  • Social referencing is also apparent

6
Phases of Attachment
  • Phase 4 (2 years and up)
  • Protest declines when parent leaves as child
    gains understanding that parents will return
  • object permanence

7
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8
Types of Attachment
  • Secure Attachment
  • Outgoing with stranger when mother is present
  • Actively explores
  • Upset when mother leaves
  • Greets mother warmly when she returns
  • Child is easily comforted
  • Returns to exploration
  • 60 - 65

9
Types of Attachment
  • Avoidant Attachment
  • Unresponsive to parent when present
  • Uninterested in exploring
  • Treats strangers much like mother
  • Shows little distress with mothers absence
  • On mothers return, child avoids contact by
    ignoring or turning away
  • 15

10
Types of Attachment
  • Resistant Attachment
  • Clingy, anxious, and does not explore
  • Leary of strangers
  • Upset when mother leaves
  • Remains upset when mother returns but ambivalent
  • Difficult to console, pushing parent away, hits,
    or kicks
  • 10

11
Types of Attachment
  • Disorganized Attachment
  • Child seems confused, dazed, fearful and unsure
    how to react in all situations
  • Seems frightened of the parent at times
  • When mother returns, unsure whether to approach
    or avoid
  • Most often seen in high risk families
  • Associated with later emotional problems
  • Up to 15

12
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13
Consequences of Healthy Attachment
  • Bowlby found that children with healthy
    attachments are more likely to survive
  • Failure to thrive
  • Greater ability to cope with stress and regulate
    emotions later in life

14
Consequences of Healthy Attachment
  • Healthy emotional development
  • Emotions demonstrated early
  • Self-conscious emotions
  • Emerge around 18 months when awareness of self is
    starting to be in place (embarrassment).
  • Beginning around age 2, able to judge their
    behavior against socially accepted norms and
    standards of performance (guilt, shame, pride)
  • These last emotions are sometimes called
    self-evaluative emotions

15
Consequences of Healthy Attachment
  • Healthy emotional development
  • Emotional Regulation
  • The process of recognizing, initiating,
    maintaining, altering emotional responses
  • External at first
  • Social referencing
  • Blankets, teddy bears, etc.
  • Becomes internal
  • Cognitive strategies to self nurture

16
Consequences of Healthy Attachment
  • Acceptance by peer group and have close
    friendships
  • More confident and successful with peers
  • Have fewer conflicts with peers
  • Can change positively or negatively depending on
    environment and experience

17
Consequences of Healthy Attachment
18
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19
Influences on Attachment
  • Child Temperament
  • Evocative Gene Environment
  • Parents Emotional State

20
Influences on Attachment
  • Home Environment
  • Support
  • Stress
  • Parenting styles

21
Social Relationships
  • Tend to stay in same sex groups of same age and
    same interests until early adolescence

22
Social Relationships
  • Play
  • Unoccupied Play
  • Idle and aimless
  • Solitary Play
  • Play alone
  • Onlooker Play
  • Watch others play

23
Social Relationships
  • Play
  • Parallel Play
  • Play next to each other with little interaction
  • Associative Play
  • Interact but not united in play
  • Cooperative Play
  • Play together toward a common goal

24
Five Categories of Social Status in Elementary
School
  • Popular
  • Well liked and rarely disliked
  • Described as friendly, cooperative, helpful, and
    willing to share
  • Rejected
  • Rarely liked and often disliked
  • Described as aggressive and disruptive
  • At risk for long term adjustment problems
  • 10 - 15 remain in this group

25
Five Categories of Social Status in Elementary
School
  • Controversial
  • Both liked and disliked
  • Have qualities of both popular and rejected
    children
  • Neglected
  • Not really liked or disliked
  • Socially isolated and ignored
  • Invisible
  • Average
  • Somewhere between the liked and disliked scales

26
Peer Acceptance and Popularity
  • Status in a peer group is a determinant of later
    adjustment in life
  • Peer acceptance often involves likeability, or
    the extent to which a child is viewed by a group
    of age mates as a worthy social partner.

27
Social Relationships
  • Cliques
  • Small friendship groups that interact frequently
  • Usually same sex in late childhood
  • Heterosexual in early adolescence

28
Social Relationships
  • Crowds
  • Collection of heterosexual cliques that share
    characteristics or participate in similar
    activities
  • Appear to include or exclude based on certain,
    often unstated, rules
  • Often named

29
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30
Browns Phases of Romantic Relationships in
Adolescence
  • Initiation Phase (early adolescence)
  • Focus on seeing self relating to members of the
    opposite sex in a romantic way
  • Status Phase (mid adolescence)
  • Having romantic relationship with the right
    person for status purposes within ones group

31
Browns Phases of Romantic Relationships in
Adolescence
  • Affection Phase (late adolescence)
  • Focus is on relationship rather than self or
    group
  • Bonding Phase (young adulthood)
  • Emotional intimacy of last phase is coupled with
    commitment
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