GRAP 3175 Computer Applications for Drafting Unit II Computer Hardware

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GRAP 3175Computer Applications for
DraftingUnit IIComputer Hardware
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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Integrated Circuit (IC)

• Microchip or Chip
• One complete electronic (semiconductor) circuit
  on a piece of silicon.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
• Control Unit
• Main Memory Unit

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Microprocessor

• CPU of a microcomputer
• 1.5 GHz Pentium 4
• 733 Mhz PowerPC G4
• Motherboard

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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

• Arithmetic functions
• addition, subtraction, multiplication division
• Logarithms, trigonometry, etc.
• Logic function
• Numbers or conditions are compared
• Greater than, less than, equal to, etc.

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Control Unit

• The traffic cop of the system
• System clock

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Main Memory Unit

• Internal memory of a computer
• Writing - entering data into main memory
• Reading - retrieving data

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Random Access Memory (RAM)

• Read-write
• Volatile
• DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM

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Read-only Memory (ROM)

• Read Only
• Info. to start computer
• Nonvolatile
• PROM
• EPROM
• Flash memory

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RAM ROM at Work
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RAM

• On motherboard
• RAM chips (64KB, 256KB, etc.)
• SIMMS, DIMMS, RIMMS(256KB - 512MB)
• RAM card

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CACHE Memory

• 512 KB
• 1 MB

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Communication Pathways

• Bus
• Data Bus
• Bus Architecture
• Open Architecture
• Types of buses
• ISA, PCI, SCSI, USB, etc

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CPU at WorkExecuting an Instruction

• Instruction Cycle
• Fetch
• Decode
• Execution Cycle
• Execute instruction
• Place results in memory

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Data RepresentationOverview

• Binary System -- 1s and 0s
• High-voltage state (on)
• Low-voltage state (off)
• Number 0 -- 011 0000
• Number 1 -- 011 0001
• Letter D -- 100 0100

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Bits Bytes

• Bit
• Byte -- basic unit of measure for memory
• nibble
• Kilobyte (KB) -- 1024 bytes
• 210 vs 103
• Megabyte (MB) -- 1,048,576
• Gigabyte (GB) -- 1,073,741,824
• Terabytes (TB) -- 1,099,511,628,000

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Computer Words

• The number of adjacent bits that can be stored
  manipulated as a unit.
• 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 bit
• Size of register
• Data Bus
• 64 / 32

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Encoding Systems

• Alphanumeric characters
• Alpha
• Numeric
• ASCII -- 7 bit
• American Standard Code for Information Exchange
• ANSI -- 8 bit
• American National Standards Institute
• Unicode -- 16 bit

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Processing Speed

• MHz, MIPS, FLOPS
• Nanoseconds - billionths of a second
• Factors
• Clock speed
• Memory type
• Instruction set
• Data bus width
• Microprocessor
• Other support chips / expansion cards

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Clock Speed

• Megahertz (MHz) -- 1 million cycles per second
• Apple IIe -- 2 MHz
• Pentium III -- 733 MHz -1.0 MHz,
• Pentium 4 -- 1.0 - 1.5 GHz

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Microprocessor

• 4004 -- contained 2,300 transistors
• 6502 -- Apple IIe
• 8088 -- IBM PC
• 80286 -- 130,000 -- IBM AT
• 80386 -- 275,000
• 80486 -- 1.2 million
• Pentium - 3.1 million

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Other Chips / Expansion Cards

• Math-coprocessor
• Video card

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