SAE Aerospace Control and Guidance Systems Committee Meeting Salt Lake City, Utah March 4, 2005 Linda Fuhrman lfuhrman@draper.com 617-258-3259 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SAE Aerospace Control and Guidance Systems Committee Meeting Salt Lake City, Utah March 4, 2005 Linda Fuhrman lfuhrman@draper.com 617-258-3259

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Title: SAE Aerospace Control and Guidance Systems Committee Meeting Salt Lake City, Utah March 4, 2005 Linda Fuhrman lfuhrman@draper.com 617-258-3259


1
SAE Aerospace Control and Guidance Systems
Committee MeetingSalt Lake City, UtahMarch 4,
2005Linda Fuhrmanlfuhrman_at_draper.com617-258-32
59
  • The NASA Human Exploration Program

2
Audentes Fortunas Juvat. (Fortune favors the
bold.) - Virgil
3
Overview
  • The Vision for Space Exploration
  • NASAs Exploration Systems Mission Directorate
    and NASAs Implementation Strategy
  • Preliminary Architectures for Human Lunar
    Exploration
  • QA

4
NASA VisionA New Future for US Civil Space
Programs
  • On January 14, 2004, President Bush articulated a
    new Vision for Space Exploration in the 21st
    Century
  • This Vision encompasses a broad range of human
    and robotic missions, including the moon, Mars
    and destinations beyond
  • It establishes clear goals and objectives, but
    sets equally clear budgetary boundaries by
    stating firm priorities and tough choices
  • It also establishes as policy the goals of
    pursuing commercial and international
    collaboration in realizing the new vision

5
NASAs Exploration Concept
A modular, extensible, sustainable, affordable,
reliable System-of-Systems approach to enable
human exploration of the moon, Mars, and other
destinations. Go as you pay instead of Pay as
you go.
6
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7
Major Milestones
  • 2010 Complete ISS and retire STS
  • 2014 First crewed flight of the CEV
  • 2015 JIMO / Prometheus
  • By 2020 First crewed return to the moon
  • ? First crewed mission to Mars

8
Implementing the Vision
  • NASA Reorganization takes into account CAIB
    recommendations as well as NASA Vision directed
    by the President
  • Codes eliminated and major reorganization into
    Mission Directorates
  • Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD)
    headed up by Adm. Craig Steidle (Navy, ret.) has
    responsibility for implementing Exploration
    aspects of the Vision

9
New NASA Organization
10
Spiral Implementation Approach
PRE-ACQUISITION ACTIVITIES
11
Spiral 1 Five Potential Acquisitions
12
CEV Master Schedule
13
Near-Term Acquisition Strategy
Today
FY 05
FY 04
FY 08
FY 06
FY 07
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
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M
A
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Government Requirements Development
4
2
3
Iteration 1
CEV Level 1 Requirements
CEV Level 2 Reqs
Industry Support
RFI / Exploration Systems
Release
Center Tasks
BAA / Project Constellation Exploration
Refinement
Award
Release
Exercise Option
CER BAA
Tech Maturation SBIR 2004/5 Solicitation
05 Ph II Award
05 Ph I Award
05 PH I Release
04 Ph II Award
04 Ph I Award
04 PH I Release
BAA

SBIR/STTR 2004 Solicitation/
Tech Development - Repeats until 2009
BAA
Award
Release
Award
Release
BAA/ Tech Maturation/ ASTP - Tech Development /
Risk Reduction
BAA
Tech Development / Risk Reduction
BAA
RFP / CEV Spiral 1
MS B - Program Initiation
MS A
CEV 2008 Demo/PDR Down-select to Single
Contractor Concept
RFP Awards
RFP Release
PDR
SDR
SRR
Detailed Design Dev
2008 Demo Dev/Spiral 1 (2014 Manned Flight)
Preliminary Design Contractor A
CEV RFP
2008 Demo Dev/Spiral 1 (2014 Manned Flight)
Preliminary Design Contractor B
14
Human Exploration Architectures How will we
get there?
15
Human Exploration Architectures Drivers
  • Optimize overall number of vehicles / modules
  • Parts attract cost
  • Reuse of Lunar design for Mars missions
  • Moon as a testbed for Mars missions
  • Mass
  • Number of crew, mission duration, modularity
  • Propellant makes up 50 70 or more of mass to
    LEO
  • Examples
  • Deliver 1 kg to LEO from Earth surface needs 32
    kg propellant and from LEO to Lunar surface and
    directly back to Earth surface takes additional
    11-60 kg i.e. 40 kg propellant for 1 kg payload
  • For Mars this number becomes 65 75 kg
    propellant for 1 kg payload
  • Launch vehicle lift capability
  • Currently in the 25 mT range

16
HLE studies
  • NASA funded 11 teams to study HLE
  • Concept Exploration and Refinement (CER)
  • Initial 6-month studies just completed option
    phase starting
  • Recommend architectures for HLE with eye towards
    Mars
  • Focus to define HLE / HME requirements on CEV
  • Draper / MIT team using value-driven optimization
    approach
  • Value key to sustainability

17
HLE Architecture Impacts on CEV
  • Architecture defines primary operational modes
    and environments for CEV
  • Destinations and mission scenarios (durations)
    can greatly drive CEV functionality
  • Optimal CEV design balances mass and complexity
    with cost, modularity, extensibility and
    flexibility

18
Initial Findings Test Architectures
  • LV s can drive the architecture
  • No Saturn-V one-launch scenarios
  • Rendezvous and Docking clearly needed
  • LEO vs L1 vs LMO preference not yet clear
  • Mars missions enabled by
  • Aerocapture at Mars
  • In Situ Resource Utilization
  • Combined, these two can reduce IMLEO from 1000
    mT to 600 mT
  • Long duration Mars missions show mass benefit
    over short-stay missions
  • Short (60 day surface stay, 535 day total)
    requires more significantly delta-V for Earth
    return
  • Long (600 day surface stay, 930 day total) allows
    extensive Mars exploration

19
Example IMLEO f(Trajectory, technology)
HEMO Highly Elliptical Mars Orbit LMO Low
Mars Orbit AC Aerocapture Prop Propulsive
capture AB Aerobraking
Prop to HEMO
Prop to LMO
Transfer trajectory and MOI mode
Prop to HEMO, AB to LMO
AC to LMO
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
IMLEO t
To keep IMLEO below 1000t requires Aerocapture,
which supports both abort to orbit and free
return, or Rendezvous in a Highly Elliptical
Mars Orbit (HEMO), which supports abort to
orbit, but not free return
20
GNC Challenges Initial Assessment
  • Lunar South Pole Far Side missions
  • Real-time downlink for all critical events
    comm satellite
  • Limits on module mass constrains landed mass
  • Long duration stays need multiple landings
  • Pinpoint landing accuracy (10s of m) simplifies
    surface ops
  • Crewed Mars Missions
  • Real-time downlink of critical events problematic
  • 20 minute round-trip light time depending on
    planetary alignments
  • Anytime Abort not possible
  • Alternate crew safety scenarios must be found
  • Pinpoint landing of extremely large masses
    unsolved as yet
  • Landings to date 100 km accurate 1 mT or less
  • May need lt100m accuracy 10 mT
  • Atmospheric uncertainties major design driver

21
Fortune Favors the Bold
22
Backup Charts and Reference Material
23
Acknowledgement
  • Work presented in this package was conducted
    under a contract with the National Aeronautics
    and Space Administration.

24
Bibliography / Reference Material
  • Presidential Policy Direction
  • http//www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20
    040114-1.html
  • Vision for Exploration
  • http//www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exp
    loration2.pdf
  • Office of Exploration Systems General Overview
  • http//www.nasa.gov/pdf/56249main_codeT.pdf

25
Graphics and Images Credits
  • Cover slide NASA Apollo 15 photo Astronaut Jim
    Irwin sets up the first Lunar Roving Vehicle.
    NASA ID AS15-86-11603.
  • Slide 2 Exploration Systems Mission Directorate
    logo available at http//www.projectconstellatio
    n.us/news/archives/2004/05/12/new_logo_for_nasas_e
    xploration_office
  • Slide 4 Cover art for the NASA Vision for Space
    Exploration document available at
    http//www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exp
    loration2.pdf
  • Slide 5 Montage of Exploration vehicle and
    mission concepts cover art from NASA briefing
    New Space Exploration Vision, Jan. 16, 2004
    image available electronically at
    http//www.nsstc.org/newsletter/04_a/images/nasa_v
    ision.jpg
  • Slides 67 Exploration schedule roadmap from
    the NASA Vision for Space Exploration document
    available at http//www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vis
    ion_space_exploration2.pdf
  • Slide 8 Cover art for the NASA Exploration
    Systems Interim Strategy document available at
    http//www.exploration.nasa.gov/
  • Slide 9 NASA organization chart available at
    http//www.nasa.gov/pdf/61295main_org_chart_200408
    04.pdf
  • Slides 10 11 Definition of Exploration
    spirals from Spiral 1 Acquisition Strategy,
    November, 2004 available at http//www.exploratio
    n.nasa.gov/documents/cev_rfp_schedule1.ppt
  • Slides 12 13 CEV master schedule and near-term
    acquisition strategy from Pre-Proposal
    Conference, Human and Robotic Technology Broad
    Agency Announcement, July 2004 available at
    http//www.exploration.nasa.gov/documents/hrt_indu
    stry_day_29july04.ppt
  • Slide 14 NASA concept artwork by Pat Rawlings,
    SAIC available at http//science.nasa.gov/headlin
    es/y2004/images/radiation/DistantShores3.jpg
  • Slide 17, 18, 19 Graphic generated by Draper-MIT
    Concept Exploration and Refinement Study Team,
    2004.
  • Slide 21 Cover art for numerous NASA
    presentations, including Spiral 1 Acquisition
    Strategy, November, 2004 available at
    http//www.exploration.nasa.gov/documents/cev_rfp_
    schedule1.ppt

26
Excerpts from Jan. 2004 Speech
Bringing the Vision to Reality The Administrator
of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration will be responsible for the plans,
programs, and activities required to implement
this vision, in coordination with other agencies,
as deemed appropriate. The Administrator will
plan and implement an integrated, long-term
robotic and human exploration program structured
with measurable milestones and executed on the
basis of available resources, accumulated
experience, and technology readiness. To
implement this vision, the Administrator will
conduct the following activities and take other
actions as required A. Exploration Activities in
Low Earth Orbit Space Shuttle Return the Space
Shuttle to flight as soon as practical, based on
the recommendations of the Columbia Accident
Investigation Board Focus use of the Space
Shuttle to complete assembly of the International
Space Station and Retire the Space Shuttle as
soon as assembly of the International Space
Station is completed, planned for the end of this
decade International Space Station Complete
assembly of the International Space Station,
including the U.S. components that support U.S.
space exploration goals and those provided by
foreign partners, planned for the end of
this decade Focus U.S. research and use of the
International Space Station on supporting space
exploration goals, with emphasis on understanding
how the space environment affects astronaut
health and capabilities and developing
countermeasures and Conduct International
Space Station activities in a manner consistent
with U.S. obligations contained in the agreements
between the United States and other partners in
the International Space Station. B. Space
Exploration Beyond Low Earth Orbit The Moon
Undertake lunar exploration activities to enable
sustained human and robotic exploration of Mars
and more distant destinations in the solar
system Starting no later than 2008, initiate a
series of robotic missions to the Moon to prepare
for and support future human exploration
activities Conduct the first extended human
expedition to the lunar surface as early as 2015,
but no later than the year 2020 and Use lunar
exploration activities to further science, and to
develop and test new approaches, technologies,
and systems, including use of lunar and other
space resources, to support sustained human space
exploration to Mars and other destinations.
27
Excerpts from Jan. 2004 Speech (cont)
Mars and Other Destinations Conduct robotic
exploration of Mars to search for evidence of
life, to understand the history of the solar
system, and to prepare for future human
exploration Conduct robotic exploration across
the solar system for scientific purposes and to
support human exploration. In particular, explore
Jupiters moons, asteroids and other bodies to
search for evidence of life, to understand the
history of the solar system, and to search for
resources Conduct advanced telescope searches
for Earth-like planets and habitable environments
around other stars Develop and demonstrate
power generation, propulsion, life support, and
other key capabilities required to support more
distant, more capable, and/or longer duration
human and robotic exploration of Mars and other
destinations and Conduct human expeditions to
Mars after acquiring adequate knowledge about the
planet using robotic missions and after
successfully demonstrating sustained human
exploration missions to the Moon. C. Space
Transportation Capabilities Supporting
Exploration Develop a new crew exploration
vehicle to provide crew transportation for
missions beyond low Earth orbit Conduct the
initial test flight before the end of this decade
in order to provide an operational capability to
support human exploration missions no later than
2014 Separate to the maximum practical extent
crew from cargo transportation to the
International Space Station and for launching
exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit
Acquire cargo transportation as soon as practical
and affordable to support missions to and
from the International Space Station and
Acquire crew transportation to and from the
International Space Station, as required, after
the Space Shuttle is retired from service. D.
International and Commercial Participation
Pursue opportunities for international
participation to support U.S. space exploration
goals and Pursue commercial opportunities for
providing transportation and other services
supporting the International Space Station and
exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit.
28
Acronyms and Abbreviations
  • AB Aerobraking
  • AC Aerocapture
  • ASTP Advanced Space Technology Program
  • BAA Broad Agency Announcement
  • CAIB Columbia Accident Investigation Board
  • CER Concept Exploration Refinement
  • CEV Crew Exploration Vehicle
  • ES Earth Surface
  • ESMD Exploration Systems Mission Directorate
  • ESRT Exploration Systems Research and Technology
  • ETO Earth to Orbit
  • FY Fiscal Year
  • HEMO Highly Elliptical Mars Orbit
  • HLE Human Lunar Exploration
  • HME Human Mars Exploration
  • HSRT Human Systems Research and Technology
  • IMLEO Initial Mass to LEO
  • ISS International Space Station
  • JIMO Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
  • LMO Low Mars Orbit / Low Moon Orbit
  • LP LaGrange Point
  • LV Launch Vehicle
  • MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • MS Milestone Mars Surface Surface of planet M
  • mT Metric Ton
  • NASA National Aeronautics and Space
    Administration
  • NEO Near Earth Orbit
  • PDR Preliminary Design Review
  • PNST Prometheus Nuclear Systems Technology
  • Prop Propulsive Capture
  • QA Questions and Answers
  • RFI Request for Information
  • RFP Request for Proposal
  • SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
  • SDR System Design Review
  • SOMD Space Operations Mission Directorate
  • SRR System Requirements Review
  • STS Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle)
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