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Title: Inspections and control in the implementation of the Air Quality Directive in Romania


1
Inspections and control in the implementation of
the Air Quality Directive in Romania
2
Implementation of the Directive 2008/50/EC in
Romania
  • Law 104/2011 on ambient air quality transposing
    Directive
  • The law is enforced by the National Assessment
    and Management System Air Quality (SNEGICA)
  • Components of SNEGICA
  • - The National Air Quality Monitoring System
    (SNMCA)
  • - The National Inventory System of Emissions of
    Air Pollutants (SNIEPA)

3
The National Air Quality Monitoring System (SNMCA)
  • Ensure the organisational, institutional and
    legal basis for the activities of the surrounding
    air quality monitoring in a uniform manner, in
    Romania
  • Ensure the ambient air quality monitoring by the
    National Network for Air Quality Monitoring
    (RNMCA)
  • RNMCA - include sampling and measuring
    instruments placed in fixed locations and related
    laboratory equipment - ensure
    data quality and quality control, compatibility
    and comparability in system
  • - ensures real time
    information on ambient air quality and public
    information
  • - ensures air quality data in
    order to accomplish the reporting obligations in
    accordance with European legislation

4
Brasov clutter
  • Air pollution level is influenced by all the
    factors of natural and anthropogenic, effect of
    natural environment (climate, relief, vegetation,
    etc.) and human framework (population, economic
    operators) is very important because it
    determines the concentration of pollutants in
    ambient air
  • Brasov clutter is located in a lowland area,
    bounded on the east by Ciucas Mountains, south of
    the Piatra Mare, Bucegi, Piatra Craiului and
    Fagaras Mountains ( the highest mountains in the
    country), and in the north - eastern Baraolt
    mountains and that the depression of the rivers
    Olt and Târnave
  • Brasov is situated in the Burzenland, at an
    altitude of between 536 - 600 m, in the
    Carpathians bend

5
Brasov clutter
Brasov County
6
Climate
  • The climate of the Brasov depression is strongly
    influenced by local geographical and physical
    conditions
  • climate regime with large thermal amplitudes and
    frequent thermal inversions
  • in the depression are increased nocturnal
    radiative cooling processes and
    heating by insolation during the day
  • climate in Brasov clutter is continental
    moderate
  • average air temperature recorded at monitoring
    stations in Brasov was 11.2 ºC, absolute
    maximum temperature is 29.3 ºC in August, while
    the minimum -13.4 ºC in February
  • in Brasov city, the area is generally
    characterized by calm atmosphere, very low wind
    speeds (gt1,5 m/s)during the year
  • in winter ( November-February ) atmospheric
    circulation is low, cold air masses remain in the
    valley where it is located congestion, causing
    thermal inversion and sharp temperature minima
  • humidity in the agglomeration has annual average
    of 71.
  • rainfall values are 842 mm / year

7
Anthropogenic data
  • Demographic characteristics ( total population,
    density, age structure) have a key role in the
    environmental condition
  • Consumption determines the need for resources,
    goods and services directly influence exerted
    pressures on the environment
  • Brasov county over 70 of the population is
    urban, living in the municipality 45 of the
    county population ( 227 961 inhabitants) and 63
    of urban residents, an average density of 849
    inhab/km²
  • In Brasov intersect majority of communication
    routes, which make the connection between the
    northern regions of the South and the West with
    the East. Brasov is also an important railway
    junction, the county holding a high density of
    railways (62 km/1000 km ²)

8
Managing air quality in Brasov
  • In recent years it has been a decreasing trend of
    emissions of air pollutants, the risk of exposure
    to certain substances, such as sulfur dioxide
    (SO2) and lead (Pb) was significantly reduced
  • However, due to the complex relationship between
    pollutant emissions and ambient air quality was
    observed that the reduction in emissions not
    caused always a corresponding drop in atmospheric
    concentrations for PM10 and O3
  • Based on measurements made in the local Air
    Quality Monitoring in Brasov were recorded
    exceedances of air quality targets for indicators
    O3, NO2 and PM10

9
The main air pollutants grouped according to
their impact on human health, ecosystems and
climate change
  • Point pollutants are sulfur dioxide (SO2),
    nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO),
    ammonia (NH3 ), particulate matter (PM), volatile
    organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic
    hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals (HM).

10
Air Quality Monitoring in Brasov
  • Since 2009 the Environmental Protection Agency in
    collaboration with local governments have
    developed and implemented an integrated program
    of air quality management in clutter Brasov,
    where it is necessary to reduce the concentration
    of PM10 and nitrogen dioxide
  • Pollutants monitored, measurement methods, the
    limit values, alert thresholds and information
    have been established in national legislation on
    the protection of the atmosphere and meet
    European regulations
  • Special measures have been implemented to reduce
    emissions at source and reduce exposure
  • It is necessary to further implementation of air
    quality management plans at the local level ,
    including initiatives such as the declaration of
    low emission zones or congestion charging in
    areas with polluted air, or reducing motorized
    transport

11
Local Network Monitoring Air Quality in Brasov
  • Ambient air quality is monitored in the Local
    Network Air Quality Monitoring Brasov (RLMCA )
    managed by the LEPA Lab
  • Two urban traffic stations stations BV1, BV3 -
    located in high traffic areas
  • Urban background station station BV2 - located
    in the residential area to highlight the exposure
    of the population to the urban pollution
  • Suburban station station BV4 - Sânpetru village
    - with the objective assessment of population
    exposure to ozone and vegetation at the edge of
    congestion
  • Industrial background Station station BV5 -
    whose location has resulted in the preliminary
    assessment of air quality to highlight the
    influence of industrial emissions on the
    pollution level in the south of the municipality
  • Local server EPA Brasov, consoles for public
    information, electronic panel

12
RLMCA Brasov
Monitoring station
Electronic panel
Information consoles
13
Monitoring actions
  • The monitoring stations in Brasov, part of the
    national network of air quality monitoring,
    continuous measurements were performed for
    sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2,
    NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter
    (PM10 and PM2,5) automatically (by orthogonal
    nephelometry) and gravimetric, ozone (O3) and
    organic ozone precursors (benzene, toluene,
    ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene)
  • To characterize the sampling conditions and
    correlate the concentration of pollutants with
    sources of pollution were recorded continuously
    relevant forecast values for the following
    parameters wind direction and speed,
    temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation
    and solar radiation intensity

14
Reference methods for monitoring pollutants in
the local air quality monitoring in Brasov
Nr Crt Pollutant Method of determination Standard
1 Sulphur dioxide Ultraviolet fluorescence method EN 14212-2007 Ambient air quality-standard method for measuring the concentration of sulphur dioxide by ultraviolet fluorescence in
2 nitrogen oxides chemiluminescence method EN 14211-2007 Ambient air quality - Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides by chemiluminescence
3 Carbon monoxide dispersive infrared spectrometric method EN 14626-2007 Ambient air quality - Standard method for measurement of the concentration of carbon monoxide by non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy
4 Ozone UV photometric EN 14625-2007 Ambient air quality - Standard method for measurement of ozone by ultraviolet photometry
5 Particulate matter PM 10 gravimetric EN 12401-2002 Air Quality - Determination of PM10 particulate matter - Reference method and field test procedure to demonstrate reference equivalence of measurement methods reference
6 Particulate matter PM 2,5 gravimetric EN 149072005 Standard gravimetric measurement method for determining the mass fraction of PM2 , 5 in particulate matter
7 Benzene Gas chromatography EN 14662-2007 Part 3 - Ambient air quality - Standard method for measurement of benzene concentrations
15
PM monitoring in Brasov
The annual average concentration values of PM10 The annual average concentration values of PM10 The annual average concentration values of PM10 The annual average concentration values of PM10
Year Station BV1 Station BV3 Station BV4
2009 22,4 µg/m³ 40,3 µg/m³ 20,6 µg/m³
2010 23,0 µg/m³ 30,3 µg/m³ 16,9 µg/m³
2011 26,0 µg/m³ 35,7 µg/m³ 20,4 µg/m³
2012 25,3 µg/m³ 40,2 µg/m³ 20,4 µg/m³
  • Quality objectives
  • PM10 limit value 40 ?g/m³ / year
  • PM 2,5 limit value 25 ?g/m³ /year
  • Sources of PM incomplete combustion in vehicle
    engines and other combustion processes (burning
    for residential heating, waste incineration, etc.
    ), industrial processes ( metal ), but should be
    considered and transport phenomena PM away,
    resuspension of particles from the treatment sand
    or salt the roadway, the cleanliness of roads and
    vehicles, and natural sourcesMeasures to reduce
    PM
  • The introduction of EU standards on vehicles with
    reduced emissions of CO , NOx, NMVOC and primary
    PM from road traffic
  • Implementation of directives in the field of
    industrial LCP for large combustion plants and
    IPPC integrated pollution control for led to
    substantial reduction of industrial emissions of
    SO2 and NOx precursor gases for PM
  • Implementation of NEC directive on national
    emission ceilings for emissions limits provides
    national eutrophication acidifying gases or gases
    SO2, NOx and NH3, which are precursors of PM

The annual average concentration values of PM 2,5 The annual average concentration values of PM 2,5 The annual average concentration values of PM 2,5
Year The average annual µg/m3 Maximum average daily, µg/m3
2009 15,0 98,2
2010 14,5 80,7
2011 21,8 82,7
2012 15,3 108,5
16
Monitoring O3 in Brasov
  • Quality objectives
  • Information threshold 180 ?g/m³ /hour
  • Alert threshold 240 ?g/m³ /hour
    (measured or predicted 3 hours conseccutiv)
  • Photochemical ozone formation depends on the
    weather conditions and the concentrations of
    nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds
    present in ambient air
  • Ozone concentration in urban areas, where they
    generally emit higher amounts of NOx, is lower
    than in the suburban area, as a result of the
    reaction of O3 with NO emitted primarily from
    road traffic.
  • Measures to reduce O3
  • Reducing VOC emissions from transport,
    distribution and storage using vapor recovery
    units as a result of the implementation of
    Directive VOCs in gasoline
  • Limitation of emissions of COVNM from some
    industry sectors

The annual average concentration values for O3 The annual average concentration values for O3 The annual average concentration values for O3 The annual average concentration values for O3 The annual average concentration values for O3
Year Station BV2 Station BV3 Station BV4 Station BV5
2009 24,0 µg/m³ 13,5 µg/m³ 67,6 µg/m³ 29,8 µg/m³
2010 17,4 µg/m³ 15,5 µg/m³ 56,0 µg/m³ 31,3 µg/m³
2011 - 17,8 µg/m³ 55,1 µg/m³ -
2012 14,6 µg/m³ 30,2 µg/m³ 64,8 µg/m³ 19,9 µg/m³
17
Monitoring NO2 in Brasov
  • Quality objectives
  • Annual average 40 ?g/m³
  • Alert threshold 400 ?g/m³ (3 hours
    consecutively measured or predicted)
  • Sources of NO2 Combustion processes take place
    at high temperature (eg vehicle engines and power
    plants)
  • In recent years the population, especially in
    urban areas, has been exposed to high
    concentrations sometimes exceed the hourly limit
    value for the protection of human health
  • Measurements in monitoring stations in the
    municipality showed a general decreasing trend in
    mean hourly NO2 limit value being exceeded
    especially in stations located in high traffic
    areas to suburban station BV4 lowest values being
    recorded
  • The values in the table above shows that NO2 is
    not comply with the annual limit value, although
    the concentration of NO2 in ambient air decreased
    duringFor this reason the municipality is
    declared Air Quality Management Area for nitrogen
    dioxide

Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values
Year Station BV1 Station BV2 Station BV3 Station BV4 Station BV5
2009 40,8 µg/m³ 54,4 µg/m³ 63,2 µg/m³ 13,1 µg/m³ 44,5 µg/m ³
2010 38,0 µg/m³ 47,5 µg/m³ 42,2 µg/m³ 11,9 µg/m³ 27,9 µg/m³
2011 - - 56,7 µg/m³ 17,7 µg/m³ 21,0 µg/m³
2012 25,7 µg/m³ 48,5 µg/m³ 35,5 µg/m³ - -
18
Monitoring of SO2 in Brasov
Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values
Year Station BV1 Station BV2 Station BV3 Station BV4 Station BV5
2009 6,7 µg/m³ 6,1 µg/m ³ 6,5 µg/m ³ 5,4 µg/m ³ 4,8 µg/m ³
2010 6,4 µg/m ³ 5,4 µg/m ³ 4,5 µg/m ³ - -
2011 5,7 µg/m ³ - 5,7 µg/m ³ - -
2012 6,3 µg/m ³ 4,0 µg/m ³ 8,3 µg/m ³ 8,4 µg/m ³ 7,1 µg/m ³
  • Important sources of SO2 in ambient air are
    combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels for
    residential heating or power generation in
    thermal power plants
  • Objectives set
  • average hourly 350 ?g/m³ (do not exceed
    more than 24 times a year)
  • daily average 125 ?g/m ³ (not to exceed
    more than 3 times in a year )
  • Average annual concentrations at the five
    monitoring stations are small, sulfur dioxide is
    not a concern for public health in Brasov
    clutter

19
Monitoring of CO in Brasov
Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO
Year StationBV1 StationBV2 Station BV3 StationBV4 Station BV5
2009 0,34 mg/m³ 0,41mg/m ³ 0,44 mg/m ³ 0,23 mg/m ³ 0,43 mg/m ³
2010 0,31 mg/m ³ 0,48 mg/m ³ 0,42 mg/m ³ 0,33 mg/m ³ 0,27 mg/m ³
2011 0,39 mg/m ³ - 0,45 mg/m ³ 0,25 mg/m ³ 0,36 mg/m ³
2012 0,28 mg/m ³ 0,49 mg/m ³ 0,32 mg/m ³ 0,28 mg/m ³ 0,24 mg/m ³
  • Quality objective
  • 10 mg/m³ - daily maximum 8-hour moving average
  • The population in Brasov was not exposed to high
    concentrations of carbon monoxide in the
    reporting period
  • The concentrations of CO has higher values during
    the winter , when the heating system work, within
    a narrow range during the March-September
  • Traffic stations were recorded the highest
    values

20
Monitoring C6H6 in Brasov
  • Sources incomplete combustion, evaporation of
    organic solvents used in various industrial and
    evaporation processes during production,
    transport and storage of products containing
    benzene
  • Quality objective 5 µg/m³ / year
  • The population in Brasov clutter was not exposed
    to high concentrations of benzeneAnnual average
    value calculated from the available data did not
    exceed the annual limit value of 5 mg/m ³ and
    upper assessment threshold of 3.5 µg/m ³, but the
    stations are located in areas with heavy traffic
    recorded values were higher than the lower
    assessment threshold of 2.5 µg/m ³

Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6
Year Station BV1 Station BV2 Station BV3 Station BV4 Station BV5
2009 2,6 µg/m ³ 3,5 µg/m ³ 3,3 µg/m ³ 2,4 µg/m ³ 2,5 µg/m ³
2010 2,4 µg/m ³ 2,8 µg/m ³ 2,7 µg/m ³ 2,3 µg/m ³ -
2011 - - - 1,8 µg/m ³ -
2012 2,1 µg/m ³ 2,9 µg/m ³ 2,7 µg/m ³ 2,3 µg/m ³ 2,1 µg/m ³
21
Monitoring of heavy metals
  • Quality objectives for heavy metals
  • - lead 5 µg/m³ / year
  • - nickel 20 ng/m ³ /year
  • cadmium 5 ng/m ³ /year
  • The population in Brasov clutter was not exposed
    to high concentrations of heavy metals

The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals
Year Station BV 1 Station BV 1 Station BV 1 Station BV 3 Station BV 3 Station BV 3 Station BV 4 Station BV 4 Station BV 4
Year Pb, µg/m³ Ni, ng/m³ Cd, ng/m³ Pb, µg/m ³ Ni, ng/m³ Cd, ng/m³ Pb, µg/m ³ Ni, ng/m³ Cd, ng/m³
2009 0,0358 5,2 0,47 0,0309 5,3 0,84 0,0234 2,4 0,40
2010 0,0264 5,2 0,82 0,0281 3,7 1,01 0,0143 4,8 0,48
2011 0,0369 3,9 0,90 0,0349 3,2 1,17 0,0186 2,1 0,46
2012 0,0177 4,4 0,66 0,0239 5,1 1,04 0,0139 4,2 0,42
22
Monitoring and reporting
  • National Environmental Guard in cooperation with
    LEPA Brasov, monitors the implementation of
    measures of the Integrated Air Quality
    Management
  • LEPA Brasov called responsible for
    implementation, information on the state of the
    PIGCA measures and report on the state of
    measures to reduce concentrations of NO2, PM10
    and SO2 limit values for their classification
  • LEPA, based on recorded data processing, will
    inform NEG about the situations in excess of air
    quality objectives, indicating the station where
    it was recorded the exceeded value

23
Inspections and checks
  • In the annual plan of inspections approved by the
    General Commissioner of the NEG, inspections are
    made to verify the implementation of Law 104/2011
    and the obligations to the regulatory acts
    issued
  • Checks timeliness targets on achievement measures
    in the action plans of economic agents holding
    IMA and IPPC installations in Brasov clutter
  • Making inspections are performed according to
    guidelines and criteria for environmental
    inspections
  • In 2012 Brasov County Commissionary, carried out
    a total of 394 inspections for instalations with
    environmental impact in Brasov clutter

24
Penalties
  • 19 penalties were applied in the amount of
    175,000 lei (39000 euro)
  • The main reasons that led to the sanctions no
    regulatory acts, not complying with emission
    values, not provide relevant information for the
    reports, not realize the measures imposed by
    authorities, not taken the necessary measures to
    prevent air pollutioneg. Near Sanpetru
    village, there are two clay and ash deposits that
    belong to a power plant in the summer, ash was
    scattered by the wind because the sprinkling
    system is not working. After several inspections
    and penalties, sprinkler system was put into
    operation. Ultimately deposits were closed

25
Measures implemented
  • Some industrial activities were relocated outside
    the city
  • Beltway of Brasov was performed
  • Passageways were performed and streets were
    paved
  • Roundabouts were built to ease congestion
  • Were removed from circulation transport vehicles
    which fail to meet pollution standards
  • Were closed two slag and ash deposits of Brasov
    power plant
  • Residential buildings have been insulated

26
References
  • Law no.104 of 15 june 2011, on ambient air
    quality(http//mmediu.ro/file/2012-12-29_legislat
    ie_calitate_aer_legea104din2011calitate20aer.pdf
    )
  • Report on the State of the environment in Brasov
    County for 2010 (http//apmbv.anpm.ro/rapoarte_anu
    ale_privind_starea_mediului-9547)
  • Air quality in congestion Brasov, Raport ethnic
    preliminary, March 2012
  • Regular reports on activities of Brasov County
    Commissionary
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