Title: Inspections and control in the implementation of the Air Quality Directive in Romania
1Inspections and control in the implementation of
the Air Quality Directive in Romania
2Implementation of the Directive 2008/50/EC in
Romania
- Law 104/2011 on ambient air quality transposing
Directive - The law is enforced by the National Assessment
and Management System Air Quality (SNEGICA) - Components of SNEGICA
- - The National Air Quality Monitoring System
(SNMCA) - - The National Inventory System of Emissions of
Air Pollutants (SNIEPA)
3The National Air Quality Monitoring System (SNMCA)
- Ensure the organisational, institutional and
legal basis for the activities of the surrounding
air quality monitoring in a uniform manner, in
Romania - Ensure the ambient air quality monitoring by the
National Network for Air Quality Monitoring
(RNMCA) - RNMCA - include sampling and measuring
instruments placed in fixed locations and related
laboratory equipment - ensure
data quality and quality control, compatibility
and comparability in system - - ensures real time
information on ambient air quality and public
information - - ensures air quality data in
order to accomplish the reporting obligations in
accordance with European legislation
4Brasov clutter
- Air pollution level is influenced by all the
factors of natural and anthropogenic, effect of
natural environment (climate, relief, vegetation,
etc.) and human framework (population, economic
operators) is very important because it
determines the concentration of pollutants in
ambient air - Brasov clutter is located in a lowland area,
bounded on the east by Ciucas Mountains, south of
the Piatra Mare, Bucegi, Piatra Craiului and
Fagaras Mountains ( the highest mountains in the
country), and in the north - eastern Baraolt
mountains and that the depression of the rivers
Olt and Târnave - Brasov is situated in the Burzenland, at an
altitude of between 536 - 600 m, in the
Carpathians bend
5Brasov clutter
Brasov County
6Climate
- The climate of the Brasov depression is strongly
influenced by local geographical and physical
conditions - climate regime with large thermal amplitudes and
frequent thermal inversions - in the depression are increased nocturnal
radiative cooling processes and
heating by insolation during the day - climate in Brasov clutter is continental
moderate - average air temperature recorded at monitoring
stations in Brasov was 11.2 ºC, absolute
maximum temperature is 29.3 ºC in August, while
the minimum -13.4 ºC in February - in Brasov city, the area is generally
characterized by calm atmosphere, very low wind
speeds (gt1,5 m/s)during the year - in winter ( November-February ) atmospheric
circulation is low, cold air masses remain in the
valley where it is located congestion, causing
thermal inversion and sharp temperature minima - humidity in the agglomeration has annual average
of 71. - rainfall values are 842 mm / year
7Anthropogenic data
- Demographic characteristics ( total population,
density, age structure) have a key role in the
environmental condition - Consumption determines the need for resources,
goods and services directly influence exerted
pressures on the environment - Brasov county over 70 of the population is
urban, living in the municipality 45 of the
county population ( 227 961 inhabitants) and 63
of urban residents, an average density of 849
inhab/km² - In Brasov intersect majority of communication
routes, which make the connection between the
northern regions of the South and the West with
the East. Brasov is also an important railway
junction, the county holding a high density of
railways (62 km/1000 km ²)
8Managing air quality in Brasov
- In recent years it has been a decreasing trend of
emissions of air pollutants, the risk of exposure
to certain substances, such as sulfur dioxide
(SO2) and lead (Pb) was significantly reduced - However, due to the complex relationship between
pollutant emissions and ambient air quality was
observed that the reduction in emissions not
caused always a corresponding drop in atmospheric
concentrations for PM10 and O3 - Based on measurements made in the local Air
Quality Monitoring in Brasov were recorded
exceedances of air quality targets for indicators
O3, NO2 and PM10
9The main air pollutants grouped according to
their impact on human health, ecosystems and
climate change
- Point pollutants are sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO),
ammonia (NH3 ), particulate matter (PM), volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals (HM).
10Air Quality Monitoring in Brasov
- Since 2009 the Environmental Protection Agency in
collaboration with local governments have
developed and implemented an integrated program
of air quality management in clutter Brasov,
where it is necessary to reduce the concentration
of PM10 and nitrogen dioxide - Pollutants monitored, measurement methods, the
limit values, alert thresholds and information
have been established in national legislation on
the protection of the atmosphere and meet
European regulations - Special measures have been implemented to reduce
emissions at source and reduce exposure - It is necessary to further implementation of air
quality management plans at the local level ,
including initiatives such as the declaration of
low emission zones or congestion charging in
areas with polluted air, or reducing motorized
transport
11Local Network Monitoring Air Quality in Brasov
- Ambient air quality is monitored in the Local
Network Air Quality Monitoring Brasov (RLMCA )
managed by the LEPA Lab - Two urban traffic stations stations BV1, BV3 -
located in high traffic areas - Urban background station station BV2 - located
in the residential area to highlight the exposure
of the population to the urban pollution - Suburban station station BV4 - Sânpetru village
- with the objective assessment of population
exposure to ozone and vegetation at the edge of
congestion - Industrial background Station station BV5 -
whose location has resulted in the preliminary
assessment of air quality to highlight the
influence of industrial emissions on the
pollution level in the south of the municipality - Local server EPA Brasov, consoles for public
information, electronic panel
12RLMCA Brasov
Monitoring station
Electronic panel
Information consoles
13Monitoring actions
- The monitoring stations in Brasov, part of the
national network of air quality monitoring,
continuous measurements were performed for
sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2,
NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter
(PM10 and PM2,5) automatically (by orthogonal
nephelometry) and gravimetric, ozone (O3) and
organic ozone precursors (benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene) - To characterize the sampling conditions and
correlate the concentration of pollutants with
sources of pollution were recorded continuously
relevant forecast values for the following
parameters wind direction and speed,
temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation
and solar radiation intensity
14Reference methods for monitoring pollutants in
the local air quality monitoring in Brasov
Nr Crt Pollutant Method of determination Standard
1 Sulphur dioxide Ultraviolet fluorescence method EN 14212-2007 Ambient air quality-standard method for measuring the concentration of sulphur dioxide by ultraviolet fluorescence in
2 nitrogen oxides chemiluminescence method EN 14211-2007 Ambient air quality - Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides by chemiluminescence
3 Carbon monoxide dispersive infrared spectrometric method EN 14626-2007 Ambient air quality - Standard method for measurement of the concentration of carbon monoxide by non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy
4 Ozone UV photometric EN 14625-2007 Ambient air quality - Standard method for measurement of ozone by ultraviolet photometry
5 Particulate matter PM 10 gravimetric EN 12401-2002 Air Quality - Determination of PM10 particulate matter - Reference method and field test procedure to demonstrate reference equivalence of measurement methods reference
6 Particulate matter PM 2,5 gravimetric EN 149072005 Standard gravimetric measurement method for determining the mass fraction of PM2 , 5 in particulate matter
7 Benzene Gas chromatography EN 14662-2007 Part 3 - Ambient air quality - Standard method for measurement of benzene concentrations
15PM monitoring in Brasov
The annual average concentration values of PM10 The annual average concentration values of PM10 The annual average concentration values of PM10 The annual average concentration values of PM10
Year Station BV1 Station BV3 Station BV4
2009 22,4 µg/m³ 40,3 µg/m³ 20,6 µg/m³
2010 23,0 µg/m³ 30,3 µg/m³ 16,9 µg/m³
2011 26,0 µg/m³ 35,7 µg/m³ 20,4 µg/m³
2012 25,3 µg/m³ 40,2 µg/m³ 20,4 µg/m³
- Quality objectives
- PM10 limit value 40 ?g/m³ / year
- PM 2,5 limit value 25 ?g/m³ /year
- Sources of PM incomplete combustion in vehicle
engines and other combustion processes (burning
for residential heating, waste incineration, etc.
), industrial processes ( metal ), but should be
considered and transport phenomena PM away,
resuspension of particles from the treatment sand
or salt the roadway, the cleanliness of roads and
vehicles, and natural sourcesMeasures to reduce
PM - The introduction of EU standards on vehicles with
reduced emissions of CO , NOx, NMVOC and primary
PM from road traffic - Implementation of directives in the field of
industrial LCP for large combustion plants and
IPPC integrated pollution control for led to
substantial reduction of industrial emissions of
SO2 and NOx precursor gases for PM - Implementation of NEC directive on national
emission ceilings for emissions limits provides
national eutrophication acidifying gases or gases
SO2, NOx and NH3, which are precursors of PM
The annual average concentration values of PM 2,5 The annual average concentration values of PM 2,5 The annual average concentration values of PM 2,5
Year The average annual µg/m3 Maximum average daily, µg/m3
2009 15,0 98,2
2010 14,5 80,7
2011 21,8 82,7
2012 15,3 108,5
16Monitoring O3 in Brasov
- Quality objectives
- Information threshold 180 ?g/m³ /hour
- Alert threshold 240 ?g/m³ /hour
(measured or predicted 3 hours conseccutiv) - Photochemical ozone formation depends on the
weather conditions and the concentrations of
nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds
present in ambient air - Ozone concentration in urban areas, where they
generally emit higher amounts of NOx, is lower
than in the suburban area, as a result of the
reaction of O3 with NO emitted primarily from
road traffic. - Measures to reduce O3
- Reducing VOC emissions from transport,
distribution and storage using vapor recovery
units as a result of the implementation of
Directive VOCs in gasoline - Limitation of emissions of COVNM from some
industry sectors
The annual average concentration values for O3 The annual average concentration values for O3 The annual average concentration values for O3 The annual average concentration values for O3 The annual average concentration values for O3
Year Station BV2 Station BV3 Station BV4 Station BV5
2009 24,0 µg/m³ 13,5 µg/m³ 67,6 µg/m³ 29,8 µg/m³
2010 17,4 µg/m³ 15,5 µg/m³ 56,0 µg/m³ 31,3 µg/m³
2011 - 17,8 µg/m³ 55,1 µg/m³ -
2012 14,6 µg/m³ 30,2 µg/m³ 64,8 µg/m³ 19,9 µg/m³
17Monitoring NO2 in Brasov
- Quality objectives
- Annual average 40 ?g/m³
- Alert threshold 400 ?g/m³ (3 hours
consecutively measured or predicted) - Sources of NO2 Combustion processes take place
at high temperature (eg vehicle engines and power
plants) - In recent years the population, especially in
urban areas, has been exposed to high
concentrations sometimes exceed the hourly limit
value for the protection of human health - Measurements in monitoring stations in the
municipality showed a general decreasing trend in
mean hourly NO2 limit value being exceeded
especially in stations located in high traffic
areas to suburban station BV4 lowest values being
recorded - The values in the table above shows that NO2 is
not comply with the annual limit value, although
the concentration of NO2 in ambient air decreased
duringFor this reason the municipality is
declared Air Quality Management Area for nitrogen
dioxide
Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values Annual average NO2 concentration values
Year Station BV1 Station BV2 Station BV3 Station BV4 Station BV5
2009 40,8 µg/m³ 54,4 µg/m³ 63,2 µg/m³ 13,1 µg/m³ 44,5 µg/m ³
2010 38,0 µg/m³ 47,5 µg/m³ 42,2 µg/m³ 11,9 µg/m³ 27,9 µg/m³
2011 - - 56,7 µg/m³ 17,7 µg/m³ 21,0 µg/m³
2012 25,7 µg/m³ 48,5 µg/m³ 35,5 µg/m³ - -
18Monitoring of SO2 in Brasov
Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values Annual average SO2 concentration values
Year Station BV1 Station BV2 Station BV3 Station BV4 Station BV5
2009 6,7 µg/m³ 6,1 µg/m ³ 6,5 µg/m ³ 5,4 µg/m ³ 4,8 µg/m ³
2010 6,4 µg/m ³ 5,4 µg/m ³ 4,5 µg/m ³ - -
2011 5,7 µg/m ³ - 5,7 µg/m ³ - -
2012 6,3 µg/m ³ 4,0 µg/m ³ 8,3 µg/m ³ 8,4 µg/m ³ 7,1 µg/m ³
- Important sources of SO2 in ambient air are
combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels for
residential heating or power generation in
thermal power plants - Objectives set
- average hourly 350 ?g/m³ (do not exceed
more than 24 times a year) - daily average 125 ?g/m ³ (not to exceed
more than 3 times in a year ) - Average annual concentrations at the five
monitoring stations are small, sulfur dioxide is
not a concern for public health in Brasov
clutter
19Monitoring of CO in Brasov
Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO Annual average concentration values of CO
Year StationBV1 StationBV2 Station BV3 StationBV4 Station BV5
2009 0,34 mg/m³ 0,41mg/m ³ 0,44 mg/m ³ 0,23 mg/m ³ 0,43 mg/m ³
2010 0,31 mg/m ³ 0,48 mg/m ³ 0,42 mg/m ³ 0,33 mg/m ³ 0,27 mg/m ³
2011 0,39 mg/m ³ - 0,45 mg/m ³ 0,25 mg/m ³ 0,36 mg/m ³
2012 0,28 mg/m ³ 0,49 mg/m ³ 0,32 mg/m ³ 0,28 mg/m ³ 0,24 mg/m ³
- Quality objective
- 10 mg/m³ - daily maximum 8-hour moving average
- The population in Brasov was not exposed to high
concentrations of carbon monoxide in the
reporting period - The concentrations of CO has higher values during
the winter , when the heating system work, within
a narrow range during the March-September - Traffic stations were recorded the highest
values
20Monitoring C6H6 in Brasov
- Sources incomplete combustion, evaporation of
organic solvents used in various industrial and
evaporation processes during production,
transport and storage of products containing
benzene - Quality objective 5 µg/m³ / year
- The population in Brasov clutter was not exposed
to high concentrations of benzeneAnnual average
value calculated from the available data did not
exceed the annual limit value of 5 mg/m ³ and
upper assessment threshold of 3.5 µg/m ³, but the
stations are located in areas with heavy traffic
recorded values were higher than the lower
assessment threshold of 2.5 µg/m ³
Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6 Annual average concentration values of C6H6
Year Station BV1 Station BV2 Station BV3 Station BV4 Station BV5
2009 2,6 µg/m ³ 3,5 µg/m ³ 3,3 µg/m ³ 2,4 µg/m ³ 2,5 µg/m ³
2010 2,4 µg/m ³ 2,8 µg/m ³ 2,7 µg/m ³ 2,3 µg/m ³ -
2011 - - - 1,8 µg/m ³ -
2012 2,1 µg/m ³ 2,9 µg/m ³ 2,7 µg/m ³ 2,3 µg/m ³ 2,1 µg/m ³
21Monitoring of heavy metals
- Quality objectives for heavy metals
- - lead 5 µg/m³ / year
- - nickel 20 ng/m ³ /year
- cadmium 5 ng/m ³ /year
- The population in Brasov clutter was not exposed
to high concentrations of heavy metals
The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals
Year Station BV 1 Station BV 1 Station BV 1 Station BV 3 Station BV 3 Station BV 3 Station BV 4 Station BV 4 Station BV 4
Year Pb, µg/m³ Ni, ng/m³ Cd, ng/m³ Pb, µg/m ³ Ni, ng/m³ Cd, ng/m³ Pb, µg/m ³ Ni, ng/m³ Cd, ng/m³
2009 0,0358 5,2 0,47 0,0309 5,3 0,84 0,0234 2,4 0,40
2010 0,0264 5,2 0,82 0,0281 3,7 1,01 0,0143 4,8 0,48
2011 0,0369 3,9 0,90 0,0349 3,2 1,17 0,0186 2,1 0,46
2012 0,0177 4,4 0,66 0,0239 5,1 1,04 0,0139 4,2 0,42
22Monitoring and reporting
- National Environmental Guard in cooperation with
LEPA Brasov, monitors the implementation of
measures of the Integrated Air Quality
Management - LEPA Brasov called responsible for
implementation, information on the state of the
PIGCA measures and report on the state of
measures to reduce concentrations of NO2, PM10
and SO2 limit values for their classification - LEPA, based on recorded data processing, will
inform NEG about the situations in excess of air
quality objectives, indicating the station where
it was recorded the exceeded value
23Inspections and checks
- In the annual plan of inspections approved by the
General Commissioner of the NEG, inspections are
made to verify the implementation of Law 104/2011
and the obligations to the regulatory acts
issued - Checks timeliness targets on achievement measures
in the action plans of economic agents holding
IMA and IPPC installations in Brasov clutter - Making inspections are performed according to
guidelines and criteria for environmental
inspections - In 2012 Brasov County Commissionary, carried out
a total of 394 inspections for instalations with
environmental impact in Brasov clutter
24Penalties
- 19 penalties were applied in the amount of
175,000 lei (39000 euro) - The main reasons that led to the sanctions no
regulatory acts, not complying with emission
values, not provide relevant information for the
reports, not realize the measures imposed by
authorities, not taken the necessary measures to
prevent air pollutioneg. Near Sanpetru
village, there are two clay and ash deposits that
belong to a power plant in the summer, ash was
scattered by the wind because the sprinkling
system is not working. After several inspections
and penalties, sprinkler system was put into
operation. Ultimately deposits were closed
25Measures implemented
- Some industrial activities were relocated outside
the city - Beltway of Brasov was performed
- Passageways were performed and streets were
paved - Roundabouts were built to ease congestion
- Were removed from circulation transport vehicles
which fail to meet pollution standards - Were closed two slag and ash deposits of Brasov
power plant - Residential buildings have been insulated
26References
- Law no.104 of 15 june 2011, on ambient air
quality(http//mmediu.ro/file/2012-12-29_legislat
ie_calitate_aer_legea104din2011calitate20aer.pdf
) - Report on the State of the environment in Brasov
County for 2010 (http//apmbv.anpm.ro/rapoarte_anu
ale_privind_starea_mediului-9547) - Air quality in congestion Brasov, Raport ethnic
preliminary, March 2012 - Regular reports on activities of Brasov County
Commissionary