Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Tom

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Chapter 1Abnormal Behavior in Historical
Context Tomàs, J.
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Toward a Definition of Abnormal Behavior

• Psychological Dysfunction
• Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral
  functioning
• Distress or Impairment
• Difficulty performing appropriate and expected
  roles
• Impairment is set in the context of a persons
  background
• Atypical or Unexpected Cultural Response
• Reaction is outside cultural norms

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Abnormal Behavior Defined

• A Psychological Dysfunction Associated With
  Distress or Impairment in Functioning That is not
  a Typical or Culturally Expected Response
• Psychological Disorder and Psychological
  Abnormality are Used Interchangeably
• Mental Illness is a Less Preferred Term
• Psychopathology is the Scientific Study of
  Psychological Disorders

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Scientist-Practitioner andClinical Description
of Abnormality

• Begins with the Presenting Problem
• Description Aims to
• Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction
  from common human experience
• Describe Prevalence and Incidence of Disorders
• Describe Onset of Disorders
• Acute vs. insidious onset
• Describe Course of Disorders
• Episodic, time-limited, or chronic course

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The Past Historical Conceptions of Abnormal
Behavior

• Major Psychological Disorders Have Existed
• In all cultures
• Across all time periods
• The Causes and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
  Varied Widely
• Across cultures
• Across time periods
• Particularly as a function of prevailing
  paradigms or world views
• Three Dominant Traditions Include Supernatural,
  Biological, and Psychological

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The Past Abnormal Behavior and the Supernatural
Tradition

• Deviant behavior was believed to be caused by
  demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery
• Mass hysteria (St. Vitusdance or Tartanism) and
  the church
• Treatments included exorcism, torture, beatings,
  and crude surgeries
• Movement of the Moon and Stars as a Cause of
  Deviant Behavior
• Paracelsus and lunacy
• Both Outer Force Views Were Popular During the
  Middle Ages
• Few Believed That Abnormality Was an Illness on
  Par With Physical Disease

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The Past Abnormal Behavior and the Biological
Tradition

• Hippocrates Abnormal Behavior as a Physical
  Disease
• Somatogenesis
• Psychogenesis
• Galen Extends Hippocrates Work
• Humoral theory of mental illness
• Treatments remained crude
• Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition
• Foreshadowed modern views linking abnormality
  with brain chemical imbalances

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The Past The Biological Tradition Comes of Age

• General Paresis (Syphilis) and the Biological
  Link With Psychosis
• Pasteur discovered the cause A bacterial
  microorganism
• Led to penicillin as a successful treatment
• Bolstered the view that mental illness physical
  illness and should be treated as such

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The Past Consequences of the Biological
Tradition

• Mental Illness Physical Illness
• The 1930s Biological Treatments Were Standard
  Practice
• Insulin shock therapy, ECT, and brain surgery
  (i.e., lobotomy)
• By the 1950s Several Medications Were
  Established
• Examples include neuroleptics (i.e., reserpine)
  and major tranquilizers

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The Past Abnormal Behavior andthe
Psychological Tradition

• The Rise of Moral Therapy
• The practice of allowing institutionalized
  patients to be treated as normal as possible and
  to encourage and reinforce social interaction
• Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin
• Reasons for the Falling Out of Moral Therapy
• Emergence of Competing Alternative Psychological
  Models
• Dorothea Dix

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Before Freud

• Mesmer hypnosis
• Charcot

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The Past Abnormal Behavior andthe
Psychoanalytic Tradition

• Freudian Theory of the Structure and Function of
  the Mind
• The Minds Structure
• Id (pleasure principle illogical, emotional,
  irrational)
• Ego (reality principle logical and rational)
• Superego (moral principles keeps Id and Ego in
  balance)

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Defense Mechanisms

• When the Ego Loses the Battle with the Id and
  Superego
• Displacement denial
• Rationalization reaction formation
• Projection, repression, and sublimation

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Freudian Stages of Psychosexual Development

• Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
• Personality Traits

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From Psychoanalytic Thought toPsychoanalysis in
Therapy

• Unearth the Hidden Intrapsychic Conflicts (The
  Real Problems) Neurotic Anxiety
• Techniques Include Free Association and Dream
  Analysis
• Examine Transference and Counter-Transference
  Issues

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Later Neo-Freudian Developmentsin Psychoanalytic
Thought

• Others Developed Concepts Different from Those of
  Freud
• Carl Jung
• Collective Unconscious
• Masculine vs. Feminine
• Introversion vs. Extroversion
• Meaning of Life
• Alfred Adler
• Inferiority
• Strive for Superiority
• Individual Psychology
• The Neo-Freudians Generally De-emphasized the
  Sexual Core of Freuds Theory

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Humanistic Theory and the Psychological Tradition

• Carl Rogers
• Major Theme
• That people are basically good
• Humans strive toward self-actualization
• Treatment
• Therapist conveys empathy and unconditional
  positive regard

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The Behavioral Model and the Psychological
Tradition

• Derived from a Scientific Approach to the Study
  of Psychopathology
• Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and Classical
  Conditioning
• Classical conditioning is a ubiquitous form of
  learning
• Conditioning involves correlation between neutral
  stimuli and unconditioned stimuli
• Conditioning was extended to the acquisition of
  fear
• Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant
  Conditioning
• Another ubiquitous form of learning
• Most voluntary behavior is controlled by the
  consequences that follow behavior
• Both Learning Traditions Greatly Influenced the
  Development of Behavior Therapy

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From Behaviorism to Behavior Therapy

• Reactionary Movement Against Psychoanalysis and
  Non-Scientific Approaches
• Early Pioneers
• Joseph Wolpe Systematic desensitization
• Counterconditioning

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The Present The Scientific Method andan
Integrative Approach

• Psychopathology Is Multiply Determined
• One-dimensional Accounts of Psychopathology Are
  Incomplete
• Must Consider Reciprocal Relations Between
• Biological, psychological, social, and
  experiential factors
• Defining Abnormal Behavior Is Also Complex, and
  Multifaceted, and Has Evolved
• The Supernatural Tradition Has No Place in a
  Science of Abnormal Behavior