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Vertebrate Classes All in Chordate Phylum

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Title: Vertebrate Classes All in Chordate Phylum


1
Vertebrate ClassesAll in Chordate Phylum
2
All vertebrates have
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Fully developed coelom with organs
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Endoskeleton with spinal cord

3
Vertebrate Classes
  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals

4
Types of Fish
Lamprey and hagfish (jawless)
bony fish
Shark (cartilage)
5
Lampreys/HagfishJawless Fish
  • Lampreys attach to fish-parasites
  • Have round sucker like mouths
  • Hagfish are Scavengers of dead and dying fish on
    ocean bottom

6
Sharks, Skates, Rays
  • Jaws
  • The sharks mouth has 6 to 20 rows of
    backward-pointing teeth
  • Some can detect blood from an injured animal as
    far as 500 miles away
  • No swim bladder

7
Bony Fish
  • Most are familiar fishes and include snake-like
    eels, salmon, trout, bass, herring, and lantern
    fish
  • (most fish we eat)

8
Bony Fish
  • Fishes are the most numerous of all vertebrates
    and most widespread in their distribution
  • Ectothermic

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Obtain Oxygen
  • Fish obtain O2 through their gills
  • Fish can extract 85 of the
  • oxygen passing over the gills
  • Blood goes to the gills, is oxygenated and sent
    to all parts of the body
  • Single loop circulation in fish

11
Fish have a two chambered heart blood is passed
over the gills where it picks up oxygen and gets
rid of carbon dioxide.
12
Fish - 2 chamber heart
  • 1 atrium makes sure blood is always available
    for ventricle
  • 1 ventricle pumps blood to gills and then
    to the body

13
2 chamber heart
  • Some problems
  • Slow delivery
  • MUCH more energy required to move on land (or in
    air) more O2 needed faster

14
Fish Reproduction
  • Usually external fertilization
  • Large numbers of eggs are fertilized during
    Spawning when fish reproduce

15
Salmon Video at National Geographic
16
Cartilage Fish
Barndoor skate (Dipturus laevis)
  • Ectothermic
  • Sharks, Skates and Rays fertilization is
    internal-most are born live
  • Some sharks lay eggs

Skate
17
Variety of Rays
There are many different types of rays including
stingrays, electric rays, butterfly rays,
round rays, manta rays, guitarfish, and
sawfish.
18
Early aquatic adaptations
  • Teeth (everyone) evolved from skin
  • shift from scavenging
  • to predation (lampreys)
  • Jaws (sharks and bony fish)
  • provide chewing / biting force

19
Later aquatic adaptations
  • Bony fish evolve swim bladder
  • --air bag that allows fish to move up and
    down in water-called buoyancy
  • --sharks sink when not swimming
  • Swim bladder adapted to be lungs on land

20
Transitional fish / amphibian?
  • Tiktaalik roseae

21
Amphibians
Salamander
Frog
Toad
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Amphibians on land
  • Four legs to walk on land-These are adapted fish
    fins at right angles from body
  • Ectotherms- Body temperature the same as the
    surrounding temperature.
  • Hibernate or Estivate depending on climate

25
3 Chamber Heart
  • O2 through lungs and moist skin called cutaneous
    respiration
  • 2 atria 1 from body (deoxygenated), 1 from
    lungs (oxygenated)
  • 1 ventricle pumps blood to lungs and body

26
3 chamber heart
  • Problem solved
  • Blood getting to body cells faster (heart pumps
    directly to body)
  • New problem
  • Deoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood
    in atria

27
Amphibian limitations
  • Must live in wet areas for 2 reasons
  • 1) External fertilization - Reproduce in water
    (lay eggs there)
  • egg ? tadpole ? young frog ? adult frog- called
  • Metamorphosis
  • 2) Go to water to keep skin moist

28
Bullfrogs Eat Everything
29
Reptiles
30
Reptiles
turtle
crocodile
snake
31
Adaptation-Claws
  • Strong, bony skeletons and toes with claws
  • Claws-aid in climbing, digging and movement in
    various terrains

32
More Reptile Adaptations
  • Adaptations evolved which allow reptiles to live
    totally on land.
  • 1) Scales to prevent water loss
  • 2) Laying eggs that can survive on land
    amniotic egg
  • Internal fertilization

33
Reptilian Scales
34
Eggs
  • Amniotic egg has all the water and nutrients
    inside for embryo to survive

35
Reptile limitations
  • Must live in warm areas
  • Limited by ectothermy

36
Regulating body temperature
  • Ectotherm (cold-blooded)
  • animal does not maintain a constant body
    temperature
  • Outside Temp Body Temp

37
Ectothermy
  • Become sluggish in very cold temperature
  • Bask in the sun or seek shade

38
Ectothermy
  • Pros
  • No energy needed to keep warm inside
  • Cons
  • Restricted to warm climates only
  • Active only during day

39
Heart
  • Heart of most Reptiles-3 chambers
  • Still incomplete separation of oxygen-rich and
    oxygen-poor blood
  • Crocodiles and alligators
  • have a ventricle that is totally separated
    into two pumping chambers-4 chambers

40
Circulation
  • Double loop circulation

41
Transitional bird / reptile
  • Archaeopteryx

42
Birds
43
Birds
  • Adaptations
  • Flight
  • Feathers, wings, hollow bones, no
  • teeth
  • Amniotic Egg like reptiles

44
Endothermy
  • Endotherm (warm-blooded) keeping a constant
    body
  • temperature
  • Pros
  • Can be active even in colder biomes
  • Can be active at night
  • (nocturnal predators)
  • Cons
  • Requires lots of energy
  • (must find food often)

45
Hummingbirds
46
4 chamber heart
2 atria 1 from body (deoxygenated), 1 from
lungs (oxygenated) 2 ventricles 1 pumps to
lungs , 1 pumps to body
47
4 chamber heart
  • Even more energy needed for cells
  • Birds energy for flight
  • Mammals energy for large brains
  • NO mixture of blood in 4 chamber heart

48
Another comparison
3 chamber heart (mixing problem)
4 chamber heart (no mixing problem)
49
Digestive and Excretory system
  • Food passes from the mouth cavity straight to the
    esophagus.
  • The crop stores and moistens food.
  • Then passes through the gizzard, a muscular organ
    that kneads and crushes the food

50
Respiratory System
  • Air enters nostrils at base of beak?Down trachea
    past song box?enters two primary bronchii?to
    lungs?
  • 75 bypasses the lungs and flows directly to
    posterior to sacs?sacs connect with air spaces in
    bones, filling the hollow bones with air.
  • When bird exhales the carbon dioxide rich air
    from the lungs, oxygen rich air is forced out of
    the posterior air sacs into lungs.

51
Transitional reptile / mammal
  • Egg-laying Mammals
  • Platypus

52
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54
Evolution andAdaptations
Mammals belong to the class Mammalia, which
includes 4000 species Most dominant land animals
on earth.
55
Circulatory System
  • Mammalian heart has 4 chambers
  • Mammals have a muscle , the diaphragm that aids
    in lung breathing

56
  • Two feature that distinguish Mammals from other
    vertebrates are that they all have hair and
    mammary glands that produce milk.

57
Mammal Orders
  • There are 19 orders of mammals in the class
    Mammalia in which 17 nourish unborn young in the
    placenta, egg laying monotremes and marsupials

58
Marsupials
  • Marsupials give birth to tiny immature young that
    crawl to a pouch on the mothers belly immediately
    after they are born.

59
Characteristics of Placental Mammals
  • Placental mammals carry unborn young in the
    uterus until young can survive in the wild.
  • Oxygen and nutrients are transferred from
    mothers blood to babys blood

60
Placental Characteristics
  • The placenta is a membrane providing nutrients
    and waste gas exchange between the mother and
    developing young
  • Gestation period is the time which mammals
    develop in mothers uterus

61
Mammals
Hairy Saki-Monkey
  • Also endothermic
  • Hair helps to insulate, maintain internal body
    temperature

Paraguaian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine
Hairy Armadillo
62
Mammals
  • Large brain size (learning / communicating)
  • Challenge time needed for brain development
  • Solution longer gestation period in mom and
    intensive parental care early on (including milk
    from mammary glands)

63
  • The End
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