Chapter 4 Resources and Environment Learning Objectives:

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Chapter 4 Resources and EnvironmentLearning
Objectives

• World resources nature, distribution limits
• Global food problems their nature extent,
  difficulties in their solution
• Strategic minerals distribution supply
• The energy crisis causes, consequences and
  alternative energy options
• Nature and causes of environmental degradation

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Thinking about the organization of this textbook

• First, a broad discussion of resources
• Then, a detour into theory (finally)
• Followed by a treatment of industry, progressing
  from activities absorbing natural resources
  through service industries
• Cast in space in cities, and in systems of
  trade
• First, though, let us think about the broad
  sectors of economic activity

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The Economic System An Industry Perspective (Fig
8.2)

• Primary agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining
• Secondary Manufacturing, Construction
  Utilities
• Tertiary Transportation, Trade, Business
  Services, Consumer Services, Public Services
• Quaternary ? Elements of tertiary except the
  channel of distribution (trade, transport)

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Key Lines Of Service Employment
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The Economic System A structural perspective
Indicates Transactions Within Industry Group
H O U S E H O L D S
Primary Activities Agriculture Mining Forestry Fi
shing
Tertiary Activities Trade Transport Consumer
Services Producer Services Public Services
Secondary Activities Manufacturing Construction U
tilities
Capital Stock
Demand by All Sectors
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The Economic System A structural perspective
(Chapters)
Chapter 5
Indicates Transactions Within Industry Group
H O U S E H O L D S
Primary Activities Agriculture Mining Forestry Fi
shing
Tertiary Activities Trade Transport Consumer
Services Producer Services Public Services
Ch 8, 9
Secondary Activities Manufacturing Construction U
tilities
Ch 7
Capital Stock
Ch 4,6
Demand by All Sectors
Ch 11
Ch. 12-14 Trade
Ch 10 Cities
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Foundational Issues and Resources and Population

• The constant specter of Malthus warning-Katrina
  oil
• Resource optimists vs. resource pessimists
• The text contrasts a carrying capacity
  (?sustainable development?) versus overpopulation
  approach to development
• Patterns of growth with benefits to all, not just
  elites
• Carrying capacity under particular technologies
• Alternatives to the current Western energy
  material intensive production systems, based on
  (1) sun-based organic agriculture, (2) renewable
  energy sources, (3) greater reliance on local raw
  materials labor intensive technologies, and (4)
  decentralized production to increase local
  self-reliance and reduce transport activity

Contrary to current institutions
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Types of Resources and Their Limits
Entire Stock
Nonrenewable Vs. renewable Resources. Renewable St
ocks (soil) Vs. renewable Flows
(water) Maximum Sustained yield Tragedy of
the commons
?Cost Of Use?
For a specific Time period
Natural resources have meaning only in terms of
historically-specific Technical and cultural
appraisals of nature. p. 99
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Food and Population
Globally food production has kept pace with
population. Africa with major food supply
problems elsewhere problems of equity In food
supply distributions and nutritional quality.
Obesity
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Food and Population
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Developing Countries With Food Security Issues
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Food Resource Issues

• Urbanization food supply patterns
• Poverty esp. in Africa other LDCs. Chapter
  14 revisits this topic under-nutrition chronic
  malnutrition
• Population Growth Food Security issues
  problems of transport, marketing and storage,
  mismatch between where grain supplies are
  produced and needed
• Civil Unrest and War
• Environmental Decline desertification
  deforestation
• Government policy and debt

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World Desertification multiple causes ?Role
of Global Warming?
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Increasing Food Production

• Expanding Cultivated Areas
• Theoretically about 2X current area, but major
  environmental issues (desertification,
  deforestation, related climate change)
• Raising the Productivity of Existing Cropland
• Green Revolution inequitable pattern. Figure
  4.9
• Other factors- aquaculture, development of
  high-protein cereals, more efficient use of
  certain foods
• Concerns about genetically engineered seed stocks
• How to institutionalize more sustainable
  agriculture?

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Countries Benefiting from the Green Revolution
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Fig 4.10 Artificial Fertilizer Use
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Pressure on Ocean Resources Aquaculture
Tragedy of the Commons Natural Cycles On-shore
pollution Natural disasters (Katrina And Gulf
Coast Oysters) Side effects of
aquaculture Complex regulatory issues Reference
in text to Ellis No data related to Fig 4.11