?????af?a F?s???? a???? ?a?

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?????af?a F?s???? a???? ?a?

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Title: ?????af?a F?s???? a???? ?a?

1
?????af?aF?s???? a???? ?a?ß???at?????
efa?µ????.

??µ?t???? ?????
Seµ?????? f?s???? 2011
?p?ß??p??sa ?a????t??a ?.?a???p?????.

2
??sa????

? te????? ?ata??af?? t?? p??t??? ?a? t?? f?s??
e??? ??µat?? µ?a ded?µ??? ??????? st??µ? ?a???
?a? ? d??at?t?ta a?apa?a????? t?? µe µe????
a???ße?a.
???sd??stat? a?apa?a????? t?? e????a? e???
a?t??e?µ???? st? ???? ?atep??tas? ??a
a?t??e?µe?? µp??e? ?a pa?at????e? ap?
d?af??et???? ?pt???? ????e?.
?? a???? st?? ?p??e? ßas??eta? de? e??a? t?p?te
???? ap? t?? ?d??t?te? t?? f?t?? ?p?? e??a? ?
d??d?s? t?? sa? ??µa, ? a????as? t?? ?a??? ?a? ?
s?µß??? t??.

3
??a??????

?fe??????e t? 1948 ap? t?? Dennis Gabor e??
p??spa???se ?a ße?t??se? t?? d?a???t??? ??a??t?ta
t?? ??e?t??????? µ????s??p???.
?a????st??? ???? pa??e? ? a?a?????? t?? laser t?
1960 ?p?te ?a? d?µ?????e?ta? t? p??t? ?????aµµa
ap? t?? Hermet Smith t? 1962.
? ?e???a t?? Gabor ???? t?? s?µa?t???t?ta? t?? t?
1971 t?? ?a???e? ß?aße?? ??µpe?.
?a?da?a e?????? t?? te?????? ??e? sa? ap?t??esµa
t?? e??p??s? efa?µ???? st?? ?at????, t??
?a?t????f?s? ?a??ss??? ß???? µe µe????t????
p???pt???? t?? ?????af??? t??e??as? ?a?
????µat????f?.

4
F?s???? ?????

??µ??????a ??????µµat??.
?? ?????aµµa d?µ?????e?ta? ap? t?? s?µß??? d??
??µ?t??, e??? ß????t????(d?sµ? a?af????) ?a? t??
s?eda??µe??? ap? t? a?t??e?µe??(d?sµ?
a?t??e?µ????).
? e????a s?µß???? pe????e? ??? t?? p????f???a ??a
t? p??t?? ?a? t? f?s? t?? d?sµ?? t??
a?t??e?µ????.
??? a?a??t???
Te??? d?? ??µata ta ?p??a p???????ta? ap? d??
s?µe?a??? µ??????µat???? p???? p???µ??a st?? ?d?a
?ate????s?.

?a ped?a t?? ??µ?t?? se ??p??a ??s? e??a?
?a? t? s??????? ped?? st?? ?d?a ??s?
?p??

?a?at??? ?t? t? s???st?µe?? p??t?? e?a?t?ta? ap?
t?? d?af???
?a? ??a d?a????? d??
pe??pt?se??
1. ?ta? ?e?a?t?ta? t??a?a
ap? t? t t?te
?O???? ?S??FO??S ??S??S
2. ?ta? ? pa?aµ??e? sta?e??
µe t? t ? ??tas? f?t??
e?a?t?ta?
ap? t? d?af??? f?s?? t??
d??
??µ?t??.
?O???? S??FO??S ??S??S

?a? e?? ??a pa??de??µa s?µßa??e? ?a ?s??e?
?p?? ?0,1,2,...
??te ?a ??? µ???sta ? a????? ? d?af??? t??
d??µ?? ?a e??a? a???a?? p???ap??s?? t?? ?.
??? e?? ?s??e?
?a ????µe e????sta ?a? t?te
?p?t??esµa t?? s?µß???? t?? d?? s?µf???? ??µ?t??
e??a? ? d?µ??????a st?s?µ?? ??µ?t?? st? ???? µe
µ???st? ?a? e????st? p??t?? st?? ??se?? p??
?s????? ?? p?? p??? e??s?se??.
? ?e?µet????? t?p?? t?? s?µe??? ?a e??a?
?pe?ß???e?de?? ep?f??e?e? µe est?e? t?? s?µe?a???
p???? e?p?µp?? t?? ??µ?t??.

St? s????e?a ?eµ??? t? ???? ???? ap? t?? p???? µe
f?t?e?a?s??t? ????? st? f?? t?? p????.
Sta s?µe?a p?? ? ??tas? t?? f?t?? pa???s???e?
µ???st? ??? µe?a??te?? e?a?s??t?p???s? t?? ??????
?a? s?????? ?? pe?????? a?t?? e??a? ?a? ??t??a
a?a??ast????. ?p?te ??? s??e?? µetaß??? t??
a?a??ast???t?ta? ap? t?? ??se?? µ???st?? ?a?
e????st?? ??tas?? f?t??.
??? st? s????e?a eµfa??s? a?t? t? t??sd??stat?
f??µ ?a? t? f?t?s? µe t?? µ?a p??? ?st? t?? ?2
pa?at??? t?? a?ad?µ??????a t?? e?d???? t?? ?2 st?
??s? t?? ?1.

??? st? ??s? t?? µ?a? s?µe?a??? p????
t?p??et?s??µe ??a a?t??e?µe?? ?a? st?? ????
????µe t? f?te??? p??? t?te
1.?a? t? s?eda??µe?? ??µa st? a?t??e?µe?? ?a? ?
d?sµ? t?? p???? e??a? ?????? s?µf??e? t?te ????µe
s?µß??? t?? d?? desµ?? ?a? eµf???s? ???ss?? st?
f??µ.

2.?µf???s? ?a? f?t?sµ?? t?? f??µ ap? t? s?µe?a??
p??? gta?ad?µ??????a t?? e?d???? t??
a?t??e?µ????.

S?µpe??sµata
? ?ata??µ? t?? ???ss?? d?aµ??f??eta? µe ß?s? t?
d?af??? f?s?? t?? 2 ??µ?t??.
??a ?? d?af???? f?s?? µetat??p??ta? se d?af????
e?t?se?? ap? ???ss? se ???ss?.
?? ?????aµµa de? e??a? t?p?te ???? ap? µ?a
???pt???af??? a?apa??stas? t?? f?s?? ?a? t??
p??t??? t?? ??µat?? p????f???a?, µ?s? t??
?e?µet??a? t?? ???ss?? s?µß????.

??apa?a???? ?????af???? e????a?
?? ap?t?p?µa t?? e?d???? st? f??µ e??a? ??a
s?µp?e?µa aµa???se??.
F?t????µe µe d?sµ? s?µf???? f?t??(d?sµ?
a?af????).
?? µe?a??te?? p?s?st? t?? d?sµ?? d?ape??? t??
ep?f??e?a ?a? de? a???p??e?ta? ?a????? e?? ??
aµa???se?? st? f??µ ?e?t??????? sa? ??a f???µa
pe????as?? ?ste ?a p???????? ta a????? ??µata t??
s?µf???? d?sµ?? p?? d?µ??????se t? ?????aµµa.

13
????af? ?a? a?apa?a???? ep?ped?? ??????µµat??

?? f?? p?? s?ed??eta? ap? t? a?t??e?µe?? ?a?
p?fte? p??? st? f??µ d??eta?
? s????t?s? f(x,y) d??e? t? f?s? t?? ??µat?? sa?
s????t?s? t?? ??s?? (x,y) p??? st? f??µ.
? s?µf??? d?sµ? a?af???? e??a?
ap?te?e? ??a
ep?ped? ??µa
?a? ??a t? s??????? ped?? p??? st? f??µ e??a?
??t? p?? ep??e??e? t? f??µ e??a? ? ??tas? t??
??µat??

?? ped?? p?? p????pte? ap? t? f?t?sµ? t??
??????µµat?? ?ta? ? d?sµ? a?af???? e??a? t??
µ??f??
? p??t?? ???? a?t?st???e? s ??a ??µa p??
???e?ta? st?? ?ate????s? t?? d?sµ?? a?af???? a???
µe d?af??et??? p??t??.
? de?te??? ???? pe?????fe? ??a ??µa a?????? t??
a?????? s????t?s?? t?? a?t??e?µ???? ?a?
a?t?st???e? st? fa?tast??? e?d??? p??
s??µat??eta? p?s? ap? t? ?????aµµa.
?? t??t? ??µa ??e? p??t?? a?????? t?? s???????
s????t?s?? t?? a?t??e?µ???? ?a? af??? t?
p?a?µat??? e?d??? t?? a?t??e?µ????
S?µpe?a????µe ?t? t? ep?ped? ?????aµµa
s?µpe??f??eta? sa? ??a ?pt??? f???µa pe????as??.

F?t????ta? ?p???d?p?te ap? ta 2 ??????µµata
? µe t? d?sµ? a?af???? ?a
p??pe? ?a s??µat?st??? ?? d?sµe? ?a?
af?? ? de? µp??e? ?a d?a????e? µe p???
s??d?asµ? desµ?? d?µ?????????e a????? t?
?????aµµa.

?at?????e? ?????aµµ?t??
?????aµµa ?etaß?ßas?? (Transmission hologram)
- G?a t?? ?atas?e?? apa?te?ta? ??a? d?aspast??
d?sµ?? ? ?p???? d?asp? t?? f?te???? a?t??e? ap?
t? laser se d?? d?sµe?.
- St? f?s??? f?? pa???s?????? ta ???µata t??
???da? ?a? ????? s???e??µ??a pe?????µµata
?? a?t??e?µe?? fa??eta? ?a ß??s?eta? µp??st? ap?
t? ?????aµµa
?? ?????aµµa eµfa???eta? µ??? ?ta? e?te?e? se
a?t???ß???a laser

?????aµµa ?????as?? (Reflection hologram)
?? d?? d?sµe? f?t????? t? ????? ap? d??
d?af??et???? p?e????.
?? a?t??e?µe?? fa??eta? ?a ß??s?eta? e?te µp??st?
ap? t? ?????aµµa e?te fa??eta? ?a t? t?µ?e?
?? ?????aµµa eµfa???eta? ?a? st? s?????sµ??? f??
t?? ?µ??a?

18
??af??? ??????µµat?? a????as?? d???e?s??.

?????as?? ????e?s??

19
???ta?? ?????af?a?

G?a t?? ?atas?e?? e??? ??????µµat?? apa?t???ta?
S??te???? ???aµ??
???pe?a ?????af?a?
Laser
S?st?µata a????µat?? t?? d?sµ??
St????µata t?? fa???, t?? ?at?pt???, t?? f??µ ?
t?? ?????af???? p???a?
?a? t?? a?t??e?µ????.

20
(No Transcript)
21
??? ?ata???f??ta?

Se f?t?e?a?s??ta ????? p?? a??????? t?? ?pt????
t??? ?d??t?te? ?ta? e?t??e?ta? se f??.
?a?ade??µata
Se f?t???af??? ?a?a?t?µata ap? ??????
Se ???st?????? ( LiNbO3 , BaTiO3, BSO, KBr, KTN
)
Se d????µ??? ?e?at???
Se f?t???t??e?
Se f?t?p???µe??
Se ?e?µ?p?ast??? ?????

22
?d??t?te? ?????aµµ?t??

???e µ???? ??µµ?t? e??? ??????µµat?? µp??e? ?a
a?apa???e? µ?a p???? e????a ????????? t??
a?t??e?µ????
??a ?????aµµa ?e??e?ta? ?? t? ap?t??esµa t??
s?µß???? p????? ?????aµµ?t??, p?? d?µ????????ta?
ap? ???e s?µe?? t?? s?µat??
?? ?????aµµa d?µ?????e? µ?a p?a?µat???
t??sd??stat? a?t????? t?? a?t??e?µ????

23
?????af?a VS F?t???af?a

???G??F??
?ata???f??ta? ???ss?? s?µß????
?p?t?p????ta? st? f??µ t? p??t?? ?a? ? f?s? p??
e??e t? ??µa t? st??µ? p?? ?fta?e st? ep?ped? t??
f??µ
?p????µe ?a ????µe t?? p????, t??sd??stat? e????a
t?? a?t??e?µ????
???s?µ?p??e?ta? s?µf??? p??? a?t???? Laser

FO??G??F??
???e s?µe?? t?? a?t??e?µ???? est???eta? se
??p??? s?µe?? t?? f??µ
?ata???feta? st? f??µ µ??? ? ??tas? t??
s?eda??µe??? a?t???ß???a? t?? a?t??e?µ????
?? e?d??? e??a? ? p??ß??? e??? a?t??e?µ???? ap?
3 d?ast?se?? se 2
? f?t???af??? ape?????s? ???s?µ?p??e? ??at? f??

? ?pt??? ????a st? ????? f?t???af?a e??a? p??ta
µ?a ?a? e??a? a???ß?? t? t? e?de ? f?t???af????
fa??? t? st??µ? t?? f?t????f?s??.

?fa?µ???? ?????af?a? st?? ?at????

? ?????af?a ap?te?e? ??a s?µa?t??? e??a?e?? ??a
t?? ?at???? ??a t??? p?? ??t? ??????
1. ???sd??stat? ape?????s? es?te????? d?µ?? t??
s?µat?? ??a d?a???st????? ?a? ?e???????????
s??p???.
2. ?????? e?????e?a? ape?????s?.
3. ?????t??? e??a?e?? st? ?e?ape?a as?e?e??? ?a?
se t?a?µat?sµ???.
4. ?a???e? saf? p??ß??? t?? a?t??e?µ???? p??
eµpe??????ta? st? ????? ?p?? e??a? ta ???? t??
s?µat?? ?a? ? ???d?? ?st??.

27
?????af?a a?t???? ?(X-ray Holography).

??e? ap?de???e? ?t? e??a? d??at? ?a ?p???e? ?a?
se at?µ??? ???µa?a.
????? ?e?t?????a?
? a????ep?d?as? t?? a?t???? ? µe t?? ??? e??a?
??a e?d?? e?ast???? s??das?? µe ta ?t?µa.
?a ?t?µa e??a? p???? sfa?????? ??µ?t?? ta ?p??a
s?µß?????? µe t? ??µa a?af???? se µ?a
s???e???µ??? ?ate????s?.

?? te???? ?????aµµa d?µ?????e?ta? ?ata???f??ta?
t?? p?s?t?ta f????sµ?? se ???e ?ate????s? ap?
??a? a????e?t?.
?etas??µat?sµ?? Fourrier ep?t??pe? t??
a?apa?a???? t?? ??e?t????? ??tas?? se ??s? t??
at?µ?? st? ????.

29
?????af??? s???es?(Holographic synthesis)

???sd??stat? ape?????s? ?a? p??sd????sµ??
ap?st?se?? ?????? ?a? t??????.
??d??state? ape?????se?? ?p?? µ?s? ??af????
te?????? st?? ?p?????st? d?µ????????ta?
fa?tast???? t??sd??state? e????e?.
?a??de??µa
?RA(Magnetic resonance angiography).
To ?RA a?apa??st? t? e??efa???? a??e?a?? d??t??
?a? ?a?a?t????eta? ap? t? ???? contrast st????
?a? pe??ß?????t?? ?a??? ?a? ap? p??? ?ept?? t?µ??
1mm.

30
Two views of a reconstructed 3D hologram are
shown (a) is the image generated by the
top viewing of the hologram, while (b) is from a
bottom view. In spite of the obvious
impossibility to get on paper the real 3D
appearance, high contrast details are evident.
31
??d?s??p??? ?????af?a(Endoscopic holography)

???sd??stat? ape?????s? t?? es?te????? ?????t?t??
t?? a????p???? s?µat??.
S??d???e? ta ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ?????af?a? ?a?
t?? e?d?s??p?a?.
???a? 2 t?p??
a. St? µ?a µ??f? t? ?????aµµa ?ata???feta?
st? e?d?s??p??.
ß. ???s?µ?p??e?ta? µ?a e??te???? s?s?e??
?ata??af??.

32
? ?????af?a st?? ?f?a?µ?????a.

?ata??af? µ?a? t??sd??stat?? ape?????s?? t??
µat??? gt ?p??ad?p?te aµf?ß??st??e?d?? ap?s??des?
? e?d?f???µ?? ???? s?µa µp??e? ?a a????e??e?.
?et??se?? t?p???af?a? t?? ?e?at?e?d??? ?p?? ?a?
µet??se?? t?? ?a?a?t???st???? t?? ep?f??e?a? t??
( e?ast??? ep??tas? t?? ?.?).

33
? ?????af?a st?? ?d??t?at????

???e????t?s? ?d??t???? ap?t?p?µ?t?? ??a ??µ?????
?a? e????µat????? s??p???.
?? ????d??t???? pa?at????ta? pa???? ?a?
?a???????e? ?ata??af?? s?µe?????? t?? p???d? t??
as?e??? t???.
???paf? µ?t??s? t?? ????t???t?ta? t?? d??t??? ?a?
µ?t??s? d?astat???? a??a??? t?? ?st?? t??
?d??t?st????a? ???? pa?aµ??f?s??.
???e? t?? t?p???af?a t?? d??t???.

34
? ?????af?a st?? Ot?????a ?a? t?? ????ped???.

Ot?????a
???d?s? t?? pa?µ?? sta µ??? t?? es?te????? a?t???
?p?? e??a? ? ?????a? ?a? ? ßas??? µeµß????.
??t??s? t?? µ??f?? t?? t?µpa????? µeµß????? ?a?
t?? t??p?? d???s?? t??.
????ped???
?e??t? t?? pa?aµ??f?s?? t?? a????p???? ??a????.
?e??t? t?? ????ped???? d?µ?? ?a? µ?t??s? p??se??
p?? as????ta? s a?t??.

35
??ß?????af?a

1.Holography and its applications.
Yu.I.Ostrovsky
2.Fundamentals of Holography. Yu.N.Denisyuk
3.Tomographic images improved by holographic
synthesis.
Pierino Delvo, Maria Luciana Rizzi
4. Interference imaging and its application to
material and medical imaging. R.H.Menk
5. Wikipedia
6. www.hologramsuppliers.com
7. www.holokits.com
8. ?fa?µ?sµ??? ?pt???. ??µ?t???? ?e??????
9. S??????? pe??aµat??? ?pt???. ?????e???
??astas????
10. ?????af?a ?a? a???te?t?????. S????
a???te?t???? ?.?.?