Welcome to Era 9 Paradoxes of Global Accelerationn

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The Modern Era Paradoxes of Global
Acceleration 1945-2004
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• The World in 1945
• 50 million people killed during WW II
• Parts of Europe, Asia, and North Africa in ruins
• World trade severely damaged

Much of the world looked pretty bleak.
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• In Europe
• Economies in ruins
• colonial empires crumbling
• Nationalist movements in Africa and Asia
• Mandela in S. Africa
• Gandhi in India
• U.S. the major industrial atomic power

The world entered a new era.
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Cold War policies developed

• The USSR occupied Eastern Europe and part of
  Germany.
• U.S. wants to stop spread of Communism
• Containment Policy
• system of alliances and military aid to rebuild
  Europe (13 billion)
• Iron Curtain
• tense relations b/w US allies v. USSR Soviet
  Bloc (nations under USSR control)

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The World became divided into two hostile camps
The U.S.S.R. and the U.S.
Joseph Stalin
Pres. Harry Truman
1946-60
The Cold War USSR USA never fought directly
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• Followed a policy of Mutual Assured Destruction
  (MAD).

I guess it made sense at the time.
Each side threatens to use nuclear weapons
against each other
The U.S. and U.S.S.R had enough nuclear bombs to
destroy the world about 400 times.
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The Cold War battle on other fronts

• Fights over Communism spreading in Asia
• 1950-53 Korean War
• 1963-1972 Vietnam War

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During the Cold War many former colonized peoples
created new nations.

• India (1947) Ghana (1957) gain independence
  from Britain.
• Indonesia independence from Dutch (1949)
• By 1965 most former European colonies had become
  newly created independent nation-states.

.
The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. competed for the
loyalties of these new nations.
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Colonialism left new nations Underdeveloped.Thi
s table shows how shares of world Gross Domestic
Product changed between 1870 and 1998.
Date India China Africa Japan Western Europe and U.S.
1870 12.2 17.2 3.6 2.3 42.5
1913 7.6 8.9 2.7 2.6 52.6
1950 4.2 4.5 3.6 3.0 53.6
1973 3.1 4.6 3.3 7.7 47.7
1998 5.0 11.5 3.1 7.7 42.5
What might we learn from this table about
patterns of economic development in the world?
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In 1750, China and India provided 57 of world
manufacturing. In 1953, they manufactured only 4
of the worlds goods. What caused such a
dramatic change?
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In the 1960s, as the colonized people gained
independence, the world-wide split between the
North rich industrial nationsand the South
poor third world nationsgrew wider.

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How did Western leaders try to restore world
trade after World War II?

• In 1944
• Created the World Bank.
• Established the International Monetary Fund.
• Established stable currency exchange rates.
• Ushered in global economic cooperation.
• Eventually led to Free Market Capitalism

However, these agreements did not include the
Soviet bloc nations
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Post WWII, move towards Free Trade In theory,
free world trade encourages greater economic
specialization, more productivity, and greater
wealth.
And each country can concentrate on what it does
best.

• Efficient use of world resources
• Tariffs (trade taxes) are eliminated.
• Businesses can move where
• make more profits.
• More jobs are created.
• People have more money

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In the 1980s the U.S. moved to expand free market
capitalism

• Little gov regulation in the market
• Freedom of choice
• Borderless market economy
• People should be free to pursue economic
  self-interest
• Consuming goods a major value

What is free market capitalism?
However, most nations continued to pursue some
forms of economic nationalism
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In the 1980s China moved toward a free-market
system and joined the global economy.
Chinas Trade surplus balance with U.S. 666.2
billion in the 2004,
China now buys from 1-2 billion dollars of the
U.S. debt each day.
Chinas economy will probably equal that of US.
In twenty-five years.
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• In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down and the Cold
  War ended.
• E. European countries broke away from USSR
• USSR broke into 12 new states.

The Berlin Wall was built in August 1961
The Wall was destroyed on November 9, 1989
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In 1991, India embraced a free market system and
joined the global economy.
India is now the fourth largest world economy
after the U.S., China and Japan.
Indias growth rate has averaged about 5.8 for
the past 15 years.

• Major exports include
• Clothing
• Automobiles
• Handicrafts

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In the 1990s, Globalization now embraced the
majority of the worlds economies.
With the collapse
U.S., the major world power, became the chief
advocate of free market capitalism for the global
system.
What is Globalization?
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Globalization

• Increasing global connections
• Faster communication and transportation
• Rapid growth of worldwide social relationships.
• Swift and free flow of money, goods, people,
  ideas across national borders

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World population has been rapidly increasing.
Wow! More than 6 billion people now alive.
billions 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1803 - 124 yrs
1927- 33 yrs 1960 - 14 yrs 1974 - 12 yrs 1986
13 yrs
The time it takes to add one billion people grows
shorter.
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Country Average Life Expectancy
Sweden 79.2
France 78
United States 71.1
Bangladesh 62.8
Botswana 40.1
Zimbabwe 39.2
Life expectancy is rising, but it varies world
wide.
Average life expectancy for the world is 70
years.
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Speed of travel has increased dramatically.
1981
1957
World wide communication is almost instant
Look at this antique computer. It doesnt even
have a hard drive!

1977
1982
1962
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The computer has been changing billions of lives.
IT Engineer seeks house..
Will you be my E-pal?
Were catching up with the U.S. economy.
I raised my campaign funds via the internet.
Where are the books I ordered?
Im applying to college.
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But what does globalization have to do with me?
Cap from Bangladesh
Jeans from Malaysia
Shirt from Mexico
Video gamefrom Japan
Backpack from China
Sneakers from Indonesia
Soccer ball fromPakistan
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New technologies allow humans to control nature
like never before
Expanding technology makes possible a
cornucopia of new products for us

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More goods are being produced, bought, and sold
worldwide than ever before.
What shall I buy next?
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Globalization also spreads ideas and values.

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• Democratic ideas have spread to more countries
  than ever before.

India Korea Japan Taiwan Malaysia Qatar Mali Braz
il South Africa
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But globalization brings high human costs.
Although the worlds people are producing more
than 47 trillion dollars in wealth, these riches
are not distributed equally.
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The growing gap between the rich and the poor
continues to increase.

• 20 get most of the wealth.
• The U.S. owns 11 trillion dollars of this wealth.
  
• 2 billion of the worlds people live on less than
  2 a day.
• Peasants are forced to leave the land as money
  and wage economies spread.
• Workers without education and skills are often
  left behind.

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Ranking GDP/value added trillion
1 United States 9.9
2 Japan 4.7
7 China 1.23
    billion
40 Malaysia 89.7
41 Colombia 81.3
42 Philippines 74.7
43 Chile 70.5
44 Wal-Mart Stores 67.7
45 Pakistan 61.6
46 Peru 53.5
47 Algeria 53.3
48 Exxon 57.6
49 Czech Republic 50.8
50 New Zealand 50
51 Bangladesh 47.1
52 United Arab Emirates 46.5
53 General Motors 46.2
54 Hungary 45.6
55 Ford Motor 45.1
56 Mitsubishi 44.3
57 Mitsui 41.3
58 Nigeria 41.1
59 Citigroup 39.1
60 Itachu 38.4
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of
Selected Countries and Corporations 2002 Corporat
ions in bold face
Some big multinational corporations have more
wealth than many nations.
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In poor countries child labor is widespread. Some
212 million children of ages 5-14 are working
instead of going to school.
These young girls work 12 hours a day, 6 days a
week, earning 2-3 per week.
Most child labor involves high energy work.
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Outsourcing is increasing.
In 2003, U.S. lost 234,000 information techn
jobs. An estimated 14 million more jobs may move
overseas. But U.S. loss is a gain for India,
China, Ireland, Korea and other nations
Narayana Murthy (right) and his Infosys
Information Technology complex in Bangalore,
India.
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Manufacturing and capital flows to the areas of
the world where they can make the most profits.

• Keep business away
• Strong labor unions
• High wages
• Environment protection laws and
• Unstable governments

• .

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• The speed of globalization results in
  environmental problems from
• over-cutting forests.
• burning fossil fuels.
• producing more industrial and consumer waste.

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Growing threats to the environment affect all
people
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Lots of people question globalization.
Globalization is forcing my child to work.

• .

Free trade is destroying us farmers.
Hollywood is ruining our children.
Development is destroying our rain forest.
We have 50 million people living in poverty.
Industrial countries are leaving us out of
Globalization.
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• Globalization involves contradictions.
• Profitable industry but widening gap between rich
  and poor?
• Lots of cultural pluralism but people becoming
  homogenized? (losing culture, becoming the
  same)
• Increasing interdependence but small communities
  banding more tightly together?
• Huge wealth in industrialized nations but great
  poverty in other countries?

You mean its not good for everyone?
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Some people believe that globalization is
cultural imperialism.
Can you interpret how this cartoon depicts the
idea of cultural imperialism?
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People respond to globalization differently.

• Some
• wholeheartedly embrace it.
• seek to maintain their traditions
• fight for more economic fairness.
• turn to religion.
• turn violent
• try to manage it for greater human good.

A house in Figuig, an oasis in Morocco on the
edge of the Sahara Desert. This family reaches
out to the world through its satellite dish.
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• Terrorism has ushered in a new global threat.

• Modern military strategies and weapons are often
  ineffective against suicide attacks.
• Terrorists communicate and spread their
  ideologies using cell phones and the Internet.
• Terrorist groups may have cells in many nations.

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In 2002, the United States government adopted
policies of massive military intervention as part
of a war on terror. 2002 U.S. forces invaded
Afghanistan to topple the government of the
Taliban, which was cooperating with international
terrorists. 2003 U.S. forces invaded Iraq to
overthrow the government of Saddam Hussein. The
U.S. accused him of supporting terrorism.
Are we entering a new era of international
relations?
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In this new era will the U.S. act as democratic
leader, the supreme world power, as an empire?
Do these factors help us answer the question?

• owns about one fourth of the worlds wealth.
• working to create democratic institutions in
  Afghanistan, Iraq, and other countries.
• has military force equal to the next 20
  countries combined.
• striving to be a model of democracy for the
  world.
• maintains 725 military bases, valued at 118
  billion, with 254,000 military personnel in 153
  nations.

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Your decisions and actions will help shape the
future.
Will we cooperate to fight terrorism and work to
ensure that all people live in dignity? How these
issues turn out is really up to us.
One person can make a difference.
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Your World History course may end here, but its
not over yet!