ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials

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The Generation of Electric Energy

• ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials

Prof. Lou van der Sluis
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The Generation of Electric Energy

• Electricity the energy carrier of the future
• Boundary conditions
• Oil, gas, coal and uranium resources are limited
• Ecological impact
• Reliability of supply
• Low prices

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Fuel Mix
Capacity GW France Netherlands Germany Austria Switzerland Italy
Hydro power 25.4 - 9.1 11.8 13.3 21.1
Nuclear power 63.2 0.5 20.3 - 3.2 -
Conventional thermal 24.8 19.3 70.4 6.3 0.3 66.2
Renewables 2.4 2.3 24.5 0.9 0.3 2.5
total 115.8 22.1 124.3 19.0 17.1 89.8
Installed generation capacity in some European
countries in the year 2006
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Thermal Power Plant (1)
The Amercentrale in the Netherlands (Courtesy of
TenneT TSO B.V.)
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Thermal Power Plant (2)
The principal components of a thermal power plant
with the Rankine Cycle
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The Principals of Thermodynamics (1)
dQ dU dW dU pdV

• Q The heat added to the system J
• U The internal energy J
• W The work done by the system J
• P The gas pressure Pa
• V The gas volume m3

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The Principals of Thermodynamics (2)
pV-diagram of an ideal gas with two states (p1,
V1) and (p2, V2)
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The Principals of Thermodynamics (3)
Schematic representation of a heat engine working
between a hot reservoir (T1) and a cold reservoir
(T2)
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The Principals of Thermodynamics (4)
The pV-diagram of the Carnot cycle
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Thermal Power Plant (1)
The principal components of a thermal power plant
with the Rankine Cycle
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Thermal Power Plant (2)
The Rankine Cycle
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Nuclear Power Plant (1)
A typical fission reaction
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Nuclear Power Plant (2)
The Boiling Water Reactor
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Nuclear Power Plant (3)
The Pressurized Water Reactor
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Nuclear Fusion
A typical fusion reaction
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Wind Energy
Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.
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Wind Turbines (1)
The Danish wind turbine concept
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Wind Turbines (2)
Wind turbine with a doubly-fed induction generator
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Wind Turbines (3)
A direct drive wind turbine
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Hydro Power
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Water Turbines (1)
The Kaplan Water Turbine
Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation
GmbH Co. KG
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Water Turbines (2)
The Francis Water Turbine
Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation
GmbH Co. KG
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Water Turbines (3)
The Pelton Wheel Turbine
Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation
GmbH Co. KG
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Solar Power (1)
Solar Power Tower
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
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Solar Power (2)
Solar Panels
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
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Geothermal Power (1)
Dry Steam Power Plant
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Geothermal Power (2)
Flash Steam Power Plant
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Geothermal Power (3)
Binary-Cycle Power Plant
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The Synchronous Machine (1)
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The Synchronous Machine (2)
Generator Types
Four-pole salient-pole rotor
Two-pole cylindrical rotor
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The Synchronous Machine (3)
Equivalent Circuit
No power exchange with the grid
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The Synchronous Machine (4)
Grid interaction
Generator injects power into the grid
No power exchange
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The Synchronous Machine (5)
Equivalent Circuit
Generator injects power into the grid
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The Infinite Bus (1)
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The Infinite Bus (2)
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The Synchronous Machine (6)
Generator Heating Limits
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The Synchronous Machine (7)
Active power as a function of the power angel ?
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The Synchronous Machine (8)
Example of a Loading Capability Curve