Transport/Circulatory System

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Transport/Circulatory System

• Blood
• Heart
• Circulation
• Lymphatics
• Immunity

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Human Circulatory System

• Blood
• Heart
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
• Lymph Vessels
• Lymph Fluid

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Functions of Blood

• 3 Major Functions of Blood are
• Transport
• Regulation
• Protection

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Blood Composition

• Blood consists of 2 main parts
• Plasma (55)
• Cells (Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells,
  Platelets) (45)

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Blood Composition

• Plasma (55)
• Amber coloured fluid (92)
• Dissolved materials (8)
• Nutrients (sugars, amino acids, vitamins)
• Gases (O2 CO2)
• Hormones (Chemical Messengers)
• Antibodies (infection fighters)
• Proteins (eg. Prothrombin)
• Salts (Sodium Chloride, Bicarbonate)
• Wastes (eg. Urea, Heat)

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Blood Composition

• 2. Cells (45)
• Red Blood Cells
• Red blood cells (RBC) make up most of the
  cellular part of blood.
• White Blood Cells
• defenders of the blood circulatory system.
• Platelets
• involved in clotting (initiate clotting process)

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RBCs

• Red Blood Cells
• aka. Erythrocytes (erythro meaning red in
  Greek)
• Physical Appearance
• Small ( 8 ?m in diameter)
• Biconcave Disks

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RBCs

• No Nucleus
• Very Numerous
• 3 4 month lifespan
• Dead RBCs broken down by liver
• New RBCs are produced by bone marrow
• Contains hemoglobin (iron rich pigment)

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RBCs

• Function
• Carry O2 and CO2
• O2 Hemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin
• CO2 Hemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin
• Hemoglobin will also carry Carbon monoxide

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RBCs

• Disorder Anemia
• Not enough RBCs in the blood
• Symptoms
• Fatigue
• Listlessness
• Increased susceptibility to other diseases
• Treatment
• Rest
• Increased Iron intake

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RBCs

• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Caused by a Mutant Gene producing defective
  hemoglobin
• Results in RBCs curving like a sickle
• Symptoms of anemia due to defective hemoglobin
  and not enough oxygen being carried to the cells

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Sickle Cell Anemia

• Abnormal cells tend to form clumps and clog
  smaller blood vessels causing decrease in
  circulation
• Severe pain in abdomen, back, head, and
  extremities
• Enlargement of heart, atrophy in brain cells
• Cells die (hemolyze) easily resulting in severe
  anemia
• Victims tend to suffer early death
• Evolutionary Benefits
• People who have heterozygous state suffer only
  slight symptoms, but have a resistance to malaria

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WBCs

• White Blood Cells
• aka. Leukocytes
• Function
• Defend the body against foreign invaders

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WBCs

• Have a Nucleus
• 1 WBC to every 600 RBCs
• Physical Appearance
• larger than RBCs (10 µm)
• generally round, but can change shape

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WBCs

• Disorder Leukemia
• Cancer of blood forming organs
• Increase in WBCs
• Decrease in RBCs, results in Anemia
• Immense number of WBCs do not mature

• Treatment
• Cancer Treatments
• Bone marrow transplant

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WBCs
White Blood Cells White Blood Cells
Granular WBCs (Granulocytes) Non-granular WBCs (Agranulocytes)
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
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WBCs

• Granulocytes
• Formed in bone marrow
• granules in the cytoplasm
• Irregular-shaped nuclei
• Short-lived

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WBCs

• Neutrophils
• 65 of WBCs
• actively phagocytic
• engulfs foreign invaders

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WBCs

• Eosinophils
• 2-4 of WBCs
• Destroy foreign proteins
• Break up blood clots

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WBCs

• Basophils
• 0.5 of WBCs
• Contains Histamine
• Initiates swelling
• Contains Heparin
• Anticoagulant

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WBCs

• Lymphocytes
• Makes up 20-25 of WBCs
• Two types
• B-Cells
• Forms antibodies
• T-Cells
• Memory Storage

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WBCs

• Monocytes
• 3-8 of WBCs
• Actively phagocytic
• Macrophages - can eat up to 100 bacteria at a time

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Platelets

• Platelets
• Smaller than RBCs
• 3 µm in diameter
• Contains
• Thromboplastin
• Serotonin

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Platelets

• Disorder Hemophilia
• Affects mostly males
• Inability to form blood clots

• Cause
• Genetic
• Mutant gene codes for defective protein
• Treatment
• Injections of missing protein

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Blood Clotting Cascade

• If a blood vessel is damaged
• Platelets are fragile cells, when they hit a part
  of damaged wall (torn vessel), they break open.
• Serotonin (hormone) is released, causing
  vasoconstriction
• Thromboplastin (protein) is released, activating
  prothrombin (plasma protein).
• Prothrombin ? Thrombin

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Blood Clotting Cascade

• Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen causing the
  formation of fibrin (fibers)
• Fibrin mesh traps RBCs
• Mesh RBCs Blood Clot (Thrombus)

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Clotting Cascade Review
Thromboplastin Calcium Prothrombin

Thrombin Fibrinogen

Fibrin (clot) Fibrin (clot) Fibrin (clot) Fibrin (clot) Fibrin (clot)
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Dangers of Blood Clotting

• Blood clots prevent the passage of blood
• Area tissues do not get oxygen
• If occurs in brain ? stroke
• If occurs in heart vessel ? may have heart attack
• A dislodged clot in vessel embolus
• May get caught in a vessel in a vital organ,
  causes embolism (coronary, pulmonary)

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Blood - Whats Your Type?

• Historically, sometimes blood transfusions would
  keep people alive, other times it wouldnt. Why?
• Karl Landsteiner found that different blood types
  existed.
• Glycoproteins on RBCs determine blood type
• Type A, B, AB, or O
• Glycoproteins (A or B) are called antigens
• Type O has no glycoproteins
• Type AB has both A and B

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Blood - Frequencies
O A B AB
NA White 45 41 10 4
NA Black 47 28 20 5
Peruvian Indian 100
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Blood Antigen-Antibody Response

• How does the body recognize blood type?
• Body has antibodies for the other antigen (e.g.
  Type A person will have Anti-B antibodies)
• Antibodies respond to invaders by binding to
  surface proteins
• With blood, RBC of a different type will
  agglutinate, or clump.

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Blood Antigen-Antibody Response
Blood Type Blood Contains Blood Contains
Cellular Antigens Plasma Antibodies
O None Anti A Anti B
A A Anti B
B B Anti - A
AB AB None
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Blood - To whom can I donate?

• Successful transfusion can occur provided the
  plasma of the patient and the erythrocytes of the
  donor are compatible.
• For example
• Kevin (Type A) can donate to Michelle (Type A)
  and Donnie (Type AB)

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Blood - To whom can I donate?

• A person with what blood type would be considered
  a Universal Donor?
• Type O
• Why?
• A person with what blood type would be considered
  a Universal Recipient?
• Type AB

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Rhesus Factor The Monkey Factor

• A different blood antigen
• Genetically determined
• Two types Rh- and Rh
• 83.3 of population are Rh (protein present)
• 16.6 of population are Rh (protein absent)
• Rh- will develop the Rh antibody only when
  exposed to Rh blood
• Blood donating Rh can receive from Rh-, but Rh-
  cannot receive from Rh

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Rhesus Factor The Monkey Factor

• Important for pregnant women
• If there is a tear in the placenta, babies and
  moms blood cells can enter each others blood
  stream
• If mother is Rh- and baby is Rh, the babies RBC
  will stimulate the production of Rh antibodies by
  the mother
• Erythroblastosis fetalis If the mothers Rh
  antibodies enter the babies blood stream, they
  will cause agglutination and destruction of
  babies RBCs, resulting in death of the baby.
• Treatment
• Immunization of the mother with Rhogam or
  Wingam- medicines that prevent the formation of
  Rh antibodies (contain Rh anti-antibodies)

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