LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NEW ZEALAND PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NEW ZEALAND PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NEW ZEALAND PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NEW ZEALAND PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES


1
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERSNEW
ZEALANDPART 3A EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster
Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 
2
Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
  • Planet Earths Restlessness Causes Movement of
    Tectonic Plates
  • Earthquakes

3
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN NEW
ZEALAND
FLOODS
GOAL PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER
RESILIENT
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
4
TECTONIC PLATES
5
New Zealand is in the southwest Pacific Ocean
astride the ring of fire, a distinct belt of
volcanic and earthquake activity that surrounds
the Pacific Ocean
6
SUBDUCTION OCCURS BENEATH THE NORTH ISLAND
7
To the north of New Zealand and beneath the
eastern North Island, the thin, dense, Pacific
plate moves down beneath the thicker, lighter
Indo-Australian plate in a process known as
subduction (i.e., reverse faulting).
8
Within the South Island the plate margin is
marked by the Alpine Fault and the plates rub
past each other horizontally (i.e.,
strike-slip)
9
NEW ZEALANDS SUBDUCTION ZONE AND ALPINE FAULT
10
About 20,000 earthquakes (most, but not all are
small) are recorded in New Zealand every year as
a result of its location in the Pacific Ring of
Fire
11
SEISMICITY MAP VICINITY OF CHRISTCHURCH
12
ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER
13
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
14
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE POTENTIAL
DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH
THE VULNERABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW
ZEALANDS COMMUNITIES
15
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDSARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
16
GROUND SHAKING
17
GROUND SHAKING
18
PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP (CHRISTCHURCH IN
YELLOW)
19
NEW ZEALANDS CITIES
20
The largest cities within this high risk zone are
the nation's capital, Wellington, followed by
Hastings then Napier all of them have
experienced damaging earthquakes.
21
NOTE The central part of most cities is
comprised mainly of old, vulnerable brick and
unreinforced masonry buildings, which are highly
susceptible to damage.
22
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT
VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, OF REPLACEMENT
VALUE
INTENSITY
23
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
DISASTER LABORATORIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
24
A DISASTER is ---
  • --- the set of failures that overwhelm the
    capability of a community to respond without
    external help  when three continuums 1)  people,
    2) community (i.e., a set of habitats,
    livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3)
    complex events (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,..)
    intersect at a point in space and time.

25
Disasters are caused by single- or
multiple-event natural hazards that, (for
various reasons), cause extreme levels of
mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness,
economic losses, or environmental impacts.
26
THE REASONS ARE . . .
  • When it does happen, the functions of the
    communitys buildings and infrastructure will be
    LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the
    appropriate codes and standards.

27
THE REASONS ARE . . .
  • The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely
    happen, not to mention the low-probability of
    occurrencehigh-probability of adverse
    consequences event.

28
THE REASONS ARE . . .
  • The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO
    or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic
    framework for concerted local, national,
    regional, and international countermeasures.

29
THE REASONS ARE . . .
  • The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in
    a timely manner to the full spectrum of expected
    and unexpected emergency situations.

30
THE REASONS ARE . . .
  • The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and
    reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from
    either the current experience or the cumulative
    prior experiences.

31
THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTEREARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
32
NEW ZEALANDS COMMUNITIES
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN
UP AFTERSHOCKS
33
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
  • ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY
    GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL
    FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

34
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
  • ALL EARTHQUAKES BUILDING CODES AND
    LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER
    RESILIENCE

35
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
  • ALL EARTHQUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS
    ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

36
NEW ZEALANDS NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
  • M7.1 SATURDAY, SEPT. 3, 2010

37
TWO EARTHQUAKES SEVERELY CUT NEW ZEALANDS 2011
ECONOMIC GROWTH
  • A DEEP (33 KM) M7.1 AND A SHALLOW (4 KM) M6.3
    QUAKE SIX MONTHS APART COMBINE TO HALF NEW
    ZEALANDS ECONOMIC GROWTH

38
M7.1 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW
ZEALAND
  • A DEEP (33 KM) QUAKE LOCATED 50 KM FROM
    CHRISTCHURCH STRUCK AT 435 AM
  • SEPTEMBER 3, 2010

39
EPICENTER NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND
40
In Christchurch, a city of 372,000, power and
water services were knocked out, facades fell off
buildings, homes businesses, and bridges were
damaged by strong shaking, fires were ignited,
and the Christchurch Airport was closed.
41
IMPACTSNumerous injuries, but no deaths, largely
due to the 435 a.m. time of occurrence, NOT
BECAUSE the buildings were resilient to the
strong ground shaking
42
DAMAGE BFORE (TOP) AND AFTER (BOTTOM)
43
TYPICAL DAMAGE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS
44
DAMAGE CHRISTCHURCH
45
DAMAGE TO CARS
46
DAMAGE CHRISTCHURCH
47
POUNDING
48
FIRE
49
DAMAGE CHRISTCHURCH
50
DAMAGE CHRISTCHURCH
51
DAMAGE MOTORWAY
52
LOCAL GROUND FAILURE
53
AFTERSHOCKS OF THE 3 SEPT 2010 QUAKE
  • Christchurch was hit by hundreds of aftershocks
    after the M7.1 earthquake of 3 September 2010,
    which exacerbated damage and added new injuries,
    but no new deaths.

54
THE TOLL EXTENSIVE DAMAGE, BUT NO DEATHS
  • The earthquake (and its aftershocks) caused
    extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure,
    but no deaths.

55
ECONOMIC LOSS ESTIMATED AT 1.5 billion.
56
NEW ZEALANDS NEXT DAMAGING EARTHQUAKE WAS
INEVITABLE
  • ---BUT, THE NEW ZEALANDERS DIDNT EXPECT IT SO
    SOON---FEB. 21, 2011, A SECOND REMINDER OF THE
    IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE.
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