Title: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NEW ZEALAND PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES
1LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERSNEW
ZEALANDPART 3A EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster
Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
2Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
- Planet Earths Restlessness Causes Movement of
Tectonic Plates - Earthquakes
3NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN NEW
ZEALAND
FLOODS
GOAL PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER
RESILIENT
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
4TECTONIC PLATES
5New Zealand is in the southwest Pacific Ocean
astride the ring of fire, a distinct belt of
volcanic and earthquake activity that surrounds
the Pacific Ocean
6SUBDUCTION OCCURS BENEATH THE NORTH ISLAND
7To the north of New Zealand and beneath the
eastern North Island, the thin, dense, Pacific
plate moves down beneath the thicker, lighter
Indo-Australian plate in a process known as
subduction (i.e., reverse faulting).
8Within the South Island the plate margin is
marked by the Alpine Fault and the plates rub
past each other horizontally (i.e.,
strike-slip)
9NEW ZEALANDS SUBDUCTION ZONE AND ALPINE FAULT
10About 20,000 earthquakes (most, but not all are
small) are recorded in New Zealand every year as
a result of its location in the Pacific Ring of
Fire
11SEISMICITY MAP VICINITY OF CHRISTCHURCH
12ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER
13ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
14A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE POTENTIAL
DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH
THE VULNERABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW
ZEALANDS COMMUNITIES
15EARTHQUAKE HAZARDSARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
16GROUND SHAKING
17GROUND SHAKING
18PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP (CHRISTCHURCH IN
YELLOW)
19NEW ZEALANDS CITIES
20The largest cities within this high risk zone are
the nation's capital, Wellington, followed by
Hastings then Napier all of them have
experienced damaging earthquakes.
21NOTE The central part of most cities is
comprised mainly of old, vulnerable brick and
unreinforced masonry buildings, which are highly
susceptible to damage.
22CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT
VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, OF REPLACEMENT
VALUE
INTENSITY
23CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
DISASTER LABORATORIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
24A DISASTER is ---
- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the
capability of a community to respond without
external help when three continuums 1) people,
2) community (i.e., a set of habitats,
livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3)
complex events (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,..)
intersect at a point in space and time.
25Disasters are caused by single- or
multiple-event natural hazards that, (for
various reasons), cause extreme levels of
mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness,
economic losses, or environmental impacts.
26THE REASONS ARE . . .
- When it does happen, the functions of the
communitys buildings and infrastructure will be
LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the
appropriate codes and standards.
27THE REASONS ARE . . .
- The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely
happen, not to mention the low-probability of
occurrencehigh-probability of adverse
consequences event.
28THE REASONS ARE . . .
- The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO
or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic
framework for concerted local, national,
regional, and international countermeasures.
29THE REASONS ARE . . .
- The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in
a timely manner to the full spectrum of expected
and unexpected emergency situations.
30THE REASONS ARE . . .
- The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and
reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from
either the current experience or the cumulative
prior experiences.
31THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTEREARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
32NEW ZEALANDS COMMUNITIES
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN
UP AFTERSHOCKS
33LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
- ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY
GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL
FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
34LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
- ALL EARTHQUAKES BUILDING CODES AND
LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER
RESILIENCE
35LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
- ALL EARTHQUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
36NEW ZEALANDS NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
- M7.1 SATURDAY, SEPT. 3, 2010
37TWO EARTHQUAKES SEVERELY CUT NEW ZEALANDS 2011
ECONOMIC GROWTH
- A DEEP (33 KM) M7.1 AND A SHALLOW (4 KM) M6.3
QUAKE SIX MONTHS APART COMBINE TO HALF NEW
ZEALANDS ECONOMIC GROWTH
38M7.1 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW
ZEALAND
- A DEEP (33 KM) QUAKE LOCATED 50 KM FROM
CHRISTCHURCH STRUCK AT 435 AM - SEPTEMBER 3, 2010
39EPICENTER NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND
40In Christchurch, a city of 372,000, power and
water services were knocked out, facades fell off
buildings, homes businesses, and bridges were
damaged by strong shaking, fires were ignited,
and the Christchurch Airport was closed.
41IMPACTSNumerous injuries, but no deaths, largely
due to the 435 a.m. time of occurrence, NOT
BECAUSE the buildings were resilient to the
strong ground shaking
42DAMAGE BFORE (TOP) AND AFTER (BOTTOM)
43TYPICAL DAMAGE UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS
44DAMAGE CHRISTCHURCH
45DAMAGE TO CARS
46DAMAGE CHRISTCHURCH
47POUNDING
48FIRE
49DAMAGE CHRISTCHURCH
50DAMAGE CHRISTCHURCH
51DAMAGE MOTORWAY
52LOCAL GROUND FAILURE
53AFTERSHOCKS OF THE 3 SEPT 2010 QUAKE
- Christchurch was hit by hundreds of aftershocks
after the M7.1 earthquake of 3 September 2010,
which exacerbated damage and added new injuries,
but no new deaths. -
54THE TOLL EXTENSIVE DAMAGE, BUT NO DEATHS
- The earthquake (and its aftershocks) caused
extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure,
but no deaths.
55ECONOMIC LOSS ESTIMATED AT 1.5 billion.
56NEW ZEALANDS NEXT DAMAGING EARTHQUAKE WAS
INEVITABLE
- ---BUT, THE NEW ZEALANDERS DIDNT EXPECT IT SO
SOON---FEB. 21, 2011, A SECOND REMINDER OF THE
IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE.