CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP)

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP) SEMESTER
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Networking Fundamentals
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM SEMESTER 1/
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Networking Fundamentals
Objectives

• Upon completion of this module, the student will
  be able to perform tasks related to the
  following
• Networking Terminology
• Digital Bandwidth
• Networking Models

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Data Networks
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Network History
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Network History
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Devices

• Devices are broken up into two classifications
• End-user Devices are devices that provide service
  directly to user like computers, scanner, printer
  and etc.
• Networking Devices include all the devices that
  connect the end-user devices together to allow
  them to communicate

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Networking Devices

• Network devices provide transport for the data
  that needs to be transferred between end-user
  devices
• Network devices provide extension of cable
  connections, concentration of connections,
  conversion of data formats, and management of
  data transfers
• These devices are the following
• Repeaters used to regenerate the signal
• Hubs concentrate connection
• Bridges convert network transmission data formats
  as well as perform basic data transmission
  management
• Switches add more intelligence to data transfer
  management
• Routers have all the capabilities listed above
  and can connect to WAN

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Network Topologies

• Network topology defines the structure of the
  network and can be divided into 2 part which are
  physical and logical topologies
• Physical topology is the actual layout of the
  wire or media
• Bus topology
• Ring topology
• Star topology
• Extended star topology
• Hierarchical topology
• Mesh topology
• Logical topology defines how the media is
  accessed by the hosts for sending data
• Broadcast topology like Ethernet
• Token passing topology like Token Ring, FDDI

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Network Protocols

• A protocol is a formal description of a set of
  rules and conventions that govern a particular
  aspect of how devices on a network communicate
• Protocols determine the format, timing,
  sequencing, and error control in data
  communication
• Protocol suites are collections of protocols that
  enable network communication from one host
  through the network to another host

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Local Area Network (LAN)

• LANs consist of the following components
• Computers
• Network interface cards
• Peripheral devices
• Networking media
• Network devices

• Some common LAN technologies are
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

• WAN interconnect LANs, which then provide access
  to computers or file servers in other locations

• Some common WAN technologies are
• Modems
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• Frame Relay
• US (T) and Europe (E) Carrier Series T1, E1,
  T3, E3
• Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• A MAN is a network that spans a metropolitan area
  such as a city or suburban area

• MAN usually consists of two or more LANs in a
  common geographic area

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Storage Area Network (SAN)

• A SAN is a dedicated, high-performance network
  used to move data between servers and storage
  resources
• SAN technology allows high-speed
  server-to-storage, storage-to-storage, or
  server-to-server connectivity
• SAN uses a separate network infrastructure that
  relieves any problems associated with existing
  network connectivity

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Virtual Private Network (VPN)

• A VPN is a private network that is constructed
  within a public network infrastructure such as
  the global Internet

• There are 3 main types of VPN
• Access VPNs provide remote access to a mobile
  worker and small office/home office (SOHO) to the
  headquarters
• Intranet VPNs link regional and remote offices to
  the headquarters of the internal network
• Extranet VPNs link business partners to the
  headquarters of the network

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Benefits of VPNs

• VPN is a service that offers secure, reliable
  connectivity over a shared public network
  infrastructure such as the Internet.

• VPNs maintain the same security and management
  policies as a private network.

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Intranets Extranets

• Intranets are designed to permit access by users
  who have access privileges to the internal LAN of
  the organization.
• Extranets refer to applications and services that
  are Intranet based, and use extended, secure
  access to external users or enterprises.

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Bandwidth

• Bandwidth
• Bandwidth has been defined as the amount of
  information that can flow through a network in a
  given time
• In digital systems, the basic unit of bandwidth
  is bits per second (bps)
• In analog systems, bandwidth is measured by how
  much of the electromagnetic spectrum is occupied
  by each signal
• The basic unit of analog bandwidth is hertz (Hz),
  or cycles per second
• Why bandwidth is important?
• Bandwidth is limited by physics and technology
• Bandwidth is not free
• Bandwidth requirements are growing at a rapid
  rate
• Bandwidth is critical to network performance

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Bandwidth Pipe Analogy
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Bandwidth Highway Analogy
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Bandwidth Measurements
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Bandwidth Limitations
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Throughput

• Throughput refers to actual measured bandwidth,
  at a specific time of day
• Throughput is less than or equal to bandwidth

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Bandwidth Throughput
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OSI Model

• The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference
  model created by ISO
• OSI model is divided into 7 layers

Away Pizza Sausage Throw Not Do Please
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Physical Layer
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Data Link Layer
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Network Layer
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Transport Layer
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Session Layer
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Presentation Layer
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Application Layer
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Peer to peer communications

• Each layer of the OSI model at the source must
  communicate with its peer layer at the destination

• This form of communication is referred to as
  peer-to-peer
• During this process, the protocols of each layer
  exchange information, called protocol data units
  (PDUs)

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TCP/IP Model

• TCP/IP reference model was created by the U.S.
  Department of Defense (DoD)

• This model is divided into 4 layers which are the
  followings
• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Internet Layer
• Network Access Layer

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OSI TCP/IP Model
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Data Encapsulation
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Summary

• NICs, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches and
  routers are common networking devices
• Some of common network types are LAN, WAN, MAN,
  SAN and VPN
• Bandwidth is defined as the amount of information
  that can flow through a network connection in a
  given period of time
• Two of the most know networking models are OSI
  reference model and TCP/IP model