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International Horticulture

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Title: Slide 1 Author: eboh Last modified by: Kijne Created Date: 11/1/2005 4:08:30 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show Company: St. van Hall Larenstein – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: International Horticulture


1
InternationalHorticulture Marketing
  • Preparation for the Major
  • for 2nd year students
  • Beijing, October 2010
  • Albertien Kijne
  • Albertien.kijne_at_wur.nl

2
Meetings 2nd year IHM students
  • Monday, 13.30-15.30 oclock, room 2412
  • Lesson 1 Assignment 3 for IHM students
  • Tuesday, 19.00-21.00 o clock, room 2412
  • Lesson 2
  • Wednesday, 8.00-12.00 o clock, room 2106
  • Your PPT presentations assignment 2
  • Wednesday, 13.30-18.30 oclock, bus
  • Excursion Xiao Tang Shan (XTS) company
  • Thursday, 19.00-21.00 o clock, room 2412
  • Lesson 3
  • Friday, 13.30-15.30 oclock, room 2106
  • Lesson 4

3
Supporting lectures about horticultural production
  • Horticultural production differences with arable
    production
  • Open air cultivation and protected cultivation
  • Farming systems, especially related to
    horticultural production
  • Plant growth and development
  • Pests and diseases (IPM)
  • Quality and quality standards
  • The value chain

4
Horticultural production Differences with arable
production
  • More capital intensive
  • More labour intensive
  • More knowledge intensive
  • More focus on individual plants (planting,
    pruning, inspection for diseases, harvesting)
  • Mostly more perishable products quick and easy
    quality loss
  • Product quality pays more
  • Different ways of marketing

5
Question
  • What are the differences between horticultural
  • production and arable cropping regarding the
  • use of fertilizer, energy, crop protection
    agents,
  • waste management and water?

6
Horticulture open air cultivation and protected
cultivation
  • Open air
  • vegetables (cabbages, beans, ...)
  • fruits (apples, oranges, grapes, raspberries,
    ...)
  • garden plants, perennials, shrubs, fruit trees,
    ...
  • cut flowers and greens
  • Protected cultivation
  • vegetables (cabbages, beans, .)
  • fruits (apples, oranges, grapes, raspberries,
    ...)
  • garden plants, perennials, shrubs, trees, ...
  • cut flowers and greens

7
Types of protection
  • Small or large tunnels, with a wooden, bamboo or
    steel
  • construction

8
Types of protection
  • Solar greenhouses (similar to tunnels but now
    with an extra
  • wall directed to the north to store the warmth of
    the sun during
  • the day and slowly releasing the warmth during
    the night)
  • Xiao Tang Shan!
  • Why sometimes
  • like this?

9
Types of protection
  • Modern greenhouses (made of aluminium and glass
    and
  • mostly with modern climate control (heating,
    cooling, ...)
  • Xiao Tang Shan!

10
Question
  • What are the differences between a
  • horticultural company with open air cultivation
  • and a horticultural company with protected
  • cultivation regarding the use of fertilizer,
  • energy, crop protection agents, waste
  • management and water?

11
System approach
  • The system approach is useful to analyze
    situations
  • and to find out what may happen to a system under
  • change
  • farming system the whole company
  • cropping system greenhouse, rice land, fruit
    orchard
  • crop system Rose, Chinese cabbage
  • plant system one single plant
  • cell system plant biotechnology
  • Each (sub) system has inputs and outputs
  • If there is change in one sub-system there often
    is
  • influence on the other (sub) system(s)

12
Question
  • What kind of systems do you have for your
    assignment 3 case situation? Explain.

13
Plant growth and development (1)
  • Question What is important for plant growth
  • and development?
  • Think of as many things as possible!

14
Plant growth and development (2)
  • Production factors
  • Photosynthesis
  • 6CO2 12H2O light ? C6H12O6 6O2 H2O)
  • carbon water sugar oxygen
    water
  • dioxide
  • Needed CO2, water, light plus nutrients (N, Mg,
    P, K and others)
  • The law of the minimum
  • Environment should be favorable Temperature,
    Light, Relative Humidity (RH), (and carbon
    dioxide)

15
Plant growth and development (3)
  • Temperature
  • Air temperature, soil/medium temperature,
    leaf/plant temperature can differ from each other
  • Recommendations usually about air temperature
  • Average daily temperature influences the rate of
    plant development (e.g. flowering and dormancy)
  • Temperature soil/media is important for
    germination or rooting of cuttings (should be
    more gt 21ºC)
  • Optimum temperature best for the plant
    development (can vary during development!)
  • Tolerable temperature plant does not die, but
    grows slowly or low quality

16
Plant growth and development (4)
  • Temperature, continued
  • Some plants need vernalization effect by cool
    temperature (1-3 months) for e.g. flowering
  • DIF difference day and night temperature.
  • High DIF gives more stem elongation.
  • DIF may effect flower size and number
  • Temp at last stage of culture few degrees lower
    than optimum to enhance colour postharvest life
  • After harvest cool down to between 0 and 7ºC to
    slow down deterioration (temp depends on crop!

17
Plant growth and development (5)
  • Light
  • Gives the energy for photosynthesis
  • Color, intensity (quantity) and day length
    (photoperiod)
  • Physiological responses, e.g. seed germination,
    flowering, senescence, tuber formation dormancy
  • Day length / Photoperiod a short or long day
    length can influence reactions in certain plants,
    e.g. flowering.
  • Maximize light plant spacing, extra
    illumination, use a good greenhouse construction
    and maintenance
  • Shading too much light is unpleasant for plants
    (and humans), leads to e.g. yellow leaves

18
Plant growth and development (6)
  • Light
  • New development LED light
  • In future, perhaps
  • - we do not need the sun anymore
  • - we can cultivate more plants on a smaller
    area.

19
Plant growth and development (7)
  • Water
  • The right amount should be given
  • Quality is important
  • Different ways of watering
  • Relative humidity (RH)
  • High RH less chance of plant getting too dry
  • High RH more chance for fungi and other diseases

20
Plant growth and development (8)
  • The growth (sigmoid) curve
  • exponential,
  • linear,
  • Declining
  • Question Why do you think growth takes place
  • like this?

21
Plant growth and development (9)
  • The sink source theory
  • Sinks parts that demand sugars young and
    growing parts
  • Sources parts that deliver sugars leaves,
    seeds, tubers etc.
  • Sinks compete with each other ? removing
  • apples, pruning tomato side branches, removing
  • grape branches.
  • Explain!

22
Pests and diseases (1)
  • Pests and diseases
  • Affect quantity (yield) worldwide 30 of
    agricultural production is lost
  • Affect quality (price)
  • Are a big barrier for international trade
  • Pesticides can harm
  • Food
  • Health employees that use pesticides
  • Environment

23
Pests and diseases (2)
  • Question
  • What kind (categories) of pests and diseases
  • exist in horticulture?

24
Pests and diseases (3)
  • Pests
  • Insects
  • Spider mites
  • Nematodes
  • Rodents 1. 2.

25
Pests and diseases (4)
  • Diseases
  • Fungi
  • Spores (water, wind)
  • Bacteria
  • Insects, water, soil 1. 2.
  • Viruses
  • Sucking insects, tools,
  • hands
  • 3.

26
Pests and diseases (5)
  • Question How can you control pests and
  • diseases?

27
Pests and diseases (6)
  • How to control pests
  • Biological (organic farming)
  • Chemical with crop protection agents
  • Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

28
Pests and diseases (7)
  • Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
  • combination biological and chemical
  • cultural control (good environment) breeding
    strong varieties
  • scouting visual inspection
  • physical control (mechanical or by hand)
  • biological control
  • Predators eat pests
  • Parasites live on pests, e.g. put eggs inside
    larvae
  • chemical control only when theres no other
    solution, pesticides which do not harm biological
    control

29
Pests and diseases (8)
  • Question Why should a farmer use Integrated Pest
  • Management (IPM)?
  • How can the yellow and blue plates help?

30
Weeds
  • Weeds also harm the production.
  • Questions
  • - Why?
  • - How can you control weeds?

31
  • See you tomorrow
  • for your presentation of assignment 2
  • and for excursion to Xiao Tang Shan
  • Excursion every one year 2009!
  • Assignment see handout.
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