BA16.00 Analyze simple techniques for genetic manipulation in agricultural biotechnology.

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BA16.00 Analyze simple techniques for genetic
manipulation inagricultural biotechnology.

• BA16.01 Discuss sexual reproduction in both
  plants and
• animals.

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BA16.01 Discuss sexual reproduction in both
plants andanimals.

• 1. Fertilization - The union of haploid cells in
  both plants and animals.
• a. Occurs in the ovary of plants and the uterus
  of animals.

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BA16.01 Discuss sexual reproduction in both
plants andanimals.

• 2. Embryo - a fertilized egg / ovule that will
  grow to produce new offspring.

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BA16.01 Discuss sexual reproduction in both
plants andanimals.

• 3. Ovary - organ responsible for the production
  of eggs / ovums in plants and
• animals.

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B. Sexual Reproduction in Animals

• 1. Fertilization occurs internally in most
  animals - all mammals.
• a. Some fish and insects are exceptions.

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B. Sexual Reproduction in Animals

• 2. Haploid cells -
• a. Male cells are spermatozoa (sperm) - released
  in semen to aid in the
• process of fertilization.

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B. Sexual Reproduction in Animals

• b. Female cells are eggs - produced in the ovary,
  fertilized and developed
• within the uterus.
• i) Females release eggs on a cycle (menstrual
  cycle) that varies in
• time length according to species.

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C. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• 1. Pollination - the transfer of male pollen to
  the female reproductive organs.
• a. Pollination must occur before fertilization.
• b. Removal of the stamen is the first step in
  mechanical cross pollination.

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C. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• 2. Germination - the initial vegetative growth of
  a seed.

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C. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• 3. Male Reproductive Parts - THE STAMEN

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C. Sexual Reproduction in Plants The Stamen

• a. Anther - top of the male part of a flower,
  contains pollen.

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The Stamen

• b. Filament - long slender stock on which the
  anther sits.

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C. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• 4. Female Reproductive Parts - THE PISTIL

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Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• a. Stigma - the swollen end of the pistil, sticky
  to receive the pollen.

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Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• b. Style - stalk connecting the stigma to the
  ovary- pollen on the stigma
• forms long tubes through the style.

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Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• c. Ovary - produces and stores the ovums (seeds),
  and protects seeds
• during development.

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Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• d. 1 ovum 1 seed 1 ovary 1 fruit

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5. Types of Flowers in Plants

• a. Complete- have all the parts of a flower
  (Stamen, Pistil, Sepals, Petals).

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5. Types of Flowers in Plants

• b. Incomplete- missing any part of the flower.

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5. Types of Flowers in Plants

• c. Perfect- have all the reproductive parts of a
  flower (Stamen Pistil).

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5. Types of Flowers in Plants

• d. Imperfect- missing any reproductive part of
  the flower (Stamen,
• Pistil, or any part of either).

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BA16.00 Analyze simple techniques for genetic
manipulation inagricultural biotechnology.

• BA16.02 Summarize the process and purpose of
  selective breeding techniques.

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• 1. Progeny testing is used to determine the value
  of male livestock by analyzing the transmission
  of traits to offspring and its breeding potential.

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• 2. Artificial insemination has proven to have the
  greatest impact on animal breeding since the
  first domestication of livestock.

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• 3. Artificial Insemination Processa.
• Semen is collected from male individuals- methods
  vary widely by the type of animal.

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• i) Artificial vaginas are used for larger
  mammals.
• b. Semen is checked for viability and flash
  frozen in specialized straws.
• i) Straws should be placed in storage tanks
  filled with liquid nitrogen, till use.

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• ii) Semen stored under proper conditions has
  proven viable
• decades later. (-320 F)

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• c. Female is treated with prostaglandin (hormone)
  to induce estrus or
• heat.
• d. Semen straws are immediately thawed in water
  (99 F) and soon after inserted into the mother
  using a specialized release gun.

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• 4. Sperm Sexing - utilizes a cytometer cell
  sorter to separate male sperm from female sperm.

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• a. Sperm with X chromosomes (female sperm) weigh
  more (contain more DNA) than those with a Y and
  can thus be dyed and separated because they
  absorb more dye.

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• 5. Invitro-Fertilization - method of removing
  eggs from a mother for fertilization under
  laboratory conditions

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• a. A large number of eggs are collected from the
  ovaries of an outstanding female and fertilized
  in Petri dishes under laboratory conditions.

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A. Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• b. Embryos can be inserted into surrogate mothers
  or frozen for later use.
• c. Offers the most control and requires the least
  amount of semen.

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Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• 6. Birth Through Surrogate Mothers -
• a. Hormones are used to cause the female to
  superovulate (produce a large number of eggs).

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Selective Breeding Techniques in Animals

• b. Original mother undergoes artificial
  insemination
• c. Fertilized eggs are removed by a process
  called FLUSHING to be placed in other female
  animals for development.

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B. Cross-Pollination in Plants

• 1. Definition- Method used to select particular
  parents for the production of seed in plants.

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B. Cross-Pollination in Plants

• 2. Cross-Pollination Process
• a. Plants possessing desirable characteristics
  are selected and carefully monitored.

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B. Cross-Pollination in Plants

• b. Pollen can be gathered from male plants (or
  flowers) months or in some cases, years in
  advance and refrigerated for storage.

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Cross-Pollination in Plants

• c. Flowers on the female plant must be covered
  prior to opening, and if capable of
  self-pollination, must have the stamens removed.

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Cross-Pollination in Plants

• d. Once the female flowers open, pollen from the
  male should be placed on the stigma, and the
  flower covered again.

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Cross-Pollination in Plants

• i) Record keeping is critical in crossing plants.

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BA16.00 Analyze simple techniques for genetic
manipulation inagricultural biotechnology.

• BA16.03 Discuss asexual reproduction and the
  use of cloning to improve genetics in plant and
  animal lines.

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A. Cloning in Agriscience

• . Allows rapid production of large numbers of
  genetically identical organisms.
• a. Agriculturists can quickly disseminate
  outstanding traits.

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A. Cloning in Agriscience

• 2. Most often utilized for the culture of plants
  - cheaper, easier process, and less political
  opposition. (The ability to differentiate is more
  in plants than animals.)

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A. Cloning in Agriscience

• a. Tissue culture - the production of plants from
  small amounts of
• vegetative material in an invitro environment, is
  an increasingly
• popular and effective method of plant production.

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A. Cloning in Agriscience

• 3. Animals are cloned almost exclusively by the
  division of embryos. In
• recent years, diploid cells have been cloned, but
  the process is extremely
• expensive and results in high losses.

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A. Cloning in Agriscience

• i) Dolly the sheep was produced from mammary
  gland cells in a
• sheep.

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A. Cloning in Agriscience

• 4. Clones are genetically identical (the exact
  same DNA).
• a. Any genetic differences results from
  environmental factors - disease, nutrition,
  physical injuries, etc.

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BA16.00 Analyze simple techniques for genetic
manipulation inagricultural biotechnology.

• BA16.04 Demonstrate proper technique in simple
  asexual
• propagation of plants.

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A. Stem Cuttings

• 1. Section of the stem or a branch is cut,
  treated with rooting hormone, and
• placed in soil or water to encourage the
  development of roots.

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A. Stem Cuttings

• 2. Stem cuttings should always be taken just
  above a node for best rooting.

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A. Stem Cuttings

• 3. Most common method of asexual propagation,
  used for both woody and
• herbaceous plants.

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B. Air Layering

• 1. Section of the stem or branch has the bark
  removed or slightly damaged and a rooting hormone
  applied. The area is then covered with soil
  wrapped cellophane until well developed roots can
  be seen through the plastic.

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B. Air Layering

• 2. The branch or stem is cut below the roots only
  after roots have fully developed.

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C. Tissue Culture

• a. Often uses meristem tips- the tip of a branch
  where most active growth is occurring.

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C. Tissue Culture

• 2. Tissue is removed from the plant, sterilized
  and cultured on agar in aseptic conditions.

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C. Tissue Culture

• 1. Common method of asexual production utilizing
  extremely small amounts of plant material.

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C. Tissue Culture

• 3. Meristimatic tissue develops shoots, is
  transferred to another media to develop
  adventitious roots, is hardened off, and finally
  transferred to soil.

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D. Division

• D. Division - method of plant propagation
  conducted by physically separating a plant into
  several smaller plantlets.

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D. Division

• 1. Often used for grasses and Lilies.

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D. Division

• 2. A variation is the production of non-tunicate
  bulbs from scales. (each scale must contain a
  part of the bottom of the bulb, the basal plate.)

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E. Grafting

• E. Grafting - The process of removing plant
  material from one plant for incorporation into
  another plant.

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E. Grafting

• 1. Often used with fruit trees to create dwarf
  varieties.

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E. Grafting

• 2. 2 parts
• a. The Scion- the top portion of a graph that
  will form the main part of the plant.
• b. The Rootstock- the bottom portion of the graph
  that usually controls growth habit (size of the
  plant) but produces no vegetation.

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E. Grafting

• 3. Budding is related to graphing- instead of
  using a scion exchange of plant material is
  accomplished with a single bud.

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Grafting

• 4. SCION ROOTSTOCK REMAIN GENETICALLY DISTINCT
  EVEN AFTER
• COMBINATION.

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Grafting

• F. Other Methods of Propagation
• 1. Leaf Cuttings
• 2. Root Cuttings

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00 Analyze simple techniques for genetic
manipulation inagricultural biotechnology.

• BA16.05 Explain methods of gene insertion used
  in the creation
• of transgenic organisms.

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A. Characteristics of Transgenic Organisms

• 1. Can POTENTIALLY be created using genes from
  ANY living organism.
• a. The trick is finding a method for insertion
  and successful
• expression.

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A. Characteristics of Transgenic Organisms

• 2. Genetically modified organisms transmit
  inserted genes at the same rate as naturally
  occurring genes.

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A. Characteristics of Transgenic Organisms

• a. Once a gene is inserted, it can be passed on
  through sexual
• reproduction.

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B. Steps in The Creation of a Transgenic Organism

• 1. Develop A Purpose / Goal- the transmission of
  genes from one organism to another is both
  expensive and potentially dangerous, expectations
  for work should be laid out carefully.

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B. Steps in The Creation of a Transgenic Organism

• 2. DNA must be extracted from the target organism
  and the specific gene to be introduced isolated
  utilizing restriction enzymes.

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B. Steps in The Creation of a Transgenic Organism

• 3. Vectors are used for the transmission of
  target genes.

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VECTORS

• a. Viruses make good vectors, as they often
  insert DNA into organisms
• they affect.

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VECTORS

• i) Plasmids are the viruses most often used as
  vectors.
• ii) Plasmids can store large strands of DNA or
  even one or more
• chromosomes.

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B. Steps in The Creation of a Transgenic Organism

• b. Some vectors can transmit genes simply through
  contact with target
• cells in a liquid solution or by microinjection.

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B. Steps in The Creation of a Transgenic Organism

• 4. Isolated DNA is inserted into the new organism
  by
• a. Micromanipulation- the isolated DNA segment is
  injected into a target
• cell utilizing a microscopic syringe under high
  magnification.

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B. Steps in The Creation of a Transgenic Organism

• i) Most common for the creation of transgenic
  organisms.
• b. Biolistics- uses a gene gun to fire gold
  plated .22 caliber shells that
• have been covered with the target gene into a
  mass of plant cells.
• i) Most often used for plants, as cell mortality
  is high.