Modeling volcanic and marine emissions for Hawaii Air Quality Forecast

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Modeling volcanic and marine emissions for Hawaii
Air Quality Forecast
Daniel Tong, Pius Lee, Rick Saylor, Mo Dan,
Ariel Stein, Daewon Byun NOAA Air Resources
Laboratory (ARL), Silver Spring, MD
20910 Xiaoming Liu and Kent Hughes NOAA Center
for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR),
Camp Spring, VA Andrew Jeff Sutton, Tamar Elias,
James Kauahikaua USGS Hawaiian Volcano
Observatory, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718
Email daniel.tong_at_noaa.gov
Acknowledge Jianping Huang of NCEP for helps
with model simulations US EPA and
CSC for providing emission inventories and
spatial surrogates NOAA ARL AQUEST
group for technical support and discussion.
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Hawaii Air Quality Forecast
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Anthropogenic biogenic Emission in Hawaii

• Anthropogenic Emission
• Area, mobile, and point emissions based on EPA
  NEI 2005

• Natural Emission
• Biogenic emissions by BEIS 3.14 and USGS LULC
  data (H. Kim)
• Sea-salt emissions along coast lines (B. Wang)

More details at http//www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/a
q/AQChangelogOE.html
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A Review of Approaches for Marine Isoprene
Emissions
Eiso - Isoprene emission

• Shaw et al. (2003)

Chl-a - Isoprene emission
V euphotic water volume

• Palmer Shaw (2005)

EF Emission factor
kAS exchange coeff.
CW isop. conc. in water
ki chemical reaction rate for oxidant i
CA isop. conc. in the air
kbio bacterial loss rate
H Henrys law constant
LMIX loss due to downward mixing
P isoprene production

• Gantt et al. (2009)

Hmax euphotic zone height
ZML mixing layer height
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Estimating marine Isoprene Emissions

• Overall emission flux into the atmosphere (Palmer
  and Shaw, 2005)

• Determine CW

(Palmer and Shaw, 2005)
(Revised based on Gantt et al.)

• Derive Hmax

(Gantt et al. 2009)
I0 ground radiatioin K490 defuse
attenuation coefficient in water
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Chlorophyll-a and K490

• Sensor/Satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging
  Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua
• Data Processing Levels (NOAA CoastWatch
  http//coastwatch.noaa.gov)
• - Level 1 NOAA obtains data from NASA GSFC in
  5-minute granules, and process to geolocated,
  calibrated radiances
• - Level 2 Processed to derived MODIS data
  products (Chl-a, K490, nLw, etc.)
• - Level 3 Products are mapped to the CoastWatch
  geographic regions
• Algorithms (NOAA CoastWatch)
• Chlorophyll-a concentration OC3 Algorithm
• Diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (K490)
  J. Mueller Algorithm

Chlorophyll -a
K490
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Sensitivity to input parameter K490
Raw Daily Chl-a and K490
K490 cut-off ( 0.016)
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Sensitivity to input parameter Chl-a
Daily Chl-a and K490
Monthly Chl-a and K490
Using monthly, instead of daily, average Chl-a
and K490 reveals larger source area for marine
isoprene emissions.
8/16/2014
Air Resources Laboratory
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Terrestrial vs. marine isoprene emissions
(Preliminary Results)
Land Emission
Marine Emission

• Monthly Chl-a and K490
• K490 cut-off ( 0.016)
• Hourly ground radiation (I0)

8/16/2014
Air Resources Laboratory
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Volcano SO2 Emissions in Hawaii
A pulse of magma moving through Kilauea's east
rift zone
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Kilauea Volcano over the Hawaii Island
(Source Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov)
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Methodology for Modeling Volcanic Emissions
Daily web update
In-Situ SO2 Measurement
Pre-processor
Emission Processing
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
NOAA Air Resources Lab

• SO2 measurement
• Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC)
• Simple plume rise
• Distributed from ground to 100 m above

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Plume Rise of Volcanic Emissions
Make it simple since we know so little about it
130 m

• Multiple and moving emitting points
• Emitting point below surface
• Dynamic magma movement
• Difficult to implement plume rise algorithms,
  such as Briggs (1972).

8/16/2014
Air Resources Laboratory
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Kilouea SO2 Emissions
(Source Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov)
8/16/2014
Air Resources Laboratory
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Model Configurations

• Volcano SO2 emissions (July 24 29, 2010)
• Summit Emissions 650 - 800 tons/day
• East Rift Zone 400 tons/day

• CMAQ
• CB05-AQ-AERO4 gas, aqueous and aerosol chemistry
• Domains
• 80 x 52 grid cells
• Horizontal resolution 12x12 km2
• Vertical level 22 layers
• Meteorological inputs
• NAM WRF- NMM 12 km
• Lateral boundary conditions (Fantine Ngan)
• GEOS-Chem precursors with Hilo monthly mean
  ozonesonde

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Effects on Air Quality
SO2
O3
H2O2
Sulfate
Nitrate
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Concluding Remarks

• Methods to estimate near real-time emissions
  from two additional natural sources volcano and
  marine phytoplankton.
• Due to its unique emission pattern and reliable
  measurements, SO2 emissions from Kilauea volcano
  can be incorporated into the NAQFC system
• In comparison, marine phytoplankton emissions
  are more challenging to estimate due to both
  input data quality and lack of knowledge on how
  to deal with these uncertainties.