Portuguese education and training for workers of explosives in the civil sector

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Portuguese education and training for workers of
explosives in the civil sector

• José Góis
• Laboratory of Energetics and Detonics,
• Mechanical Engineering Department,
• Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University
  of Coimbra
• Rua Luís Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
• jose.gois_at_dem.uc.pt

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Contents

1. Characterisation of explosives sector
2. Laws concerning training and competences in
   explosives sector
3. Education and skill to professional activity
4. Training courses and methodologies
5. Certification of training courses
6. Accidents in explosives sector
7. Evaluation of competences for a suitable
   qualification in explosive sector
8. Conclusions

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Characterisation of explosives sector in Portugal

• Location and dimension of the explosives sector
• Transformation industry
• Explosive manufacturing (3)
• From 30 to 150 workers
• Fireworks manufacturing (around 60)
• From 4 to 25 workers
• Gunpowder manufacturing (around 50)
• From 3 to 10 workers
• Transport of dangerous materials (include
  explosives)
• Mining and quarry industry
• Quarries (around 3500)
• Mining (around 2200)
• Civil construction
• Port construction
• Routes construction
• Tunnel construction
• Fireworks event organisers (around 15)
• Hunting (pursuing animals for food, reaction and
  trade) (gt 200 000)
• Licence and Control authorities

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Map distribution of explosives sector
Explosive manufacturing
Fireworks manufacturing
Porto
Mining and Quarries
Lisbon
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Characterisation of explosives sector in Portugal

• Category,
• Age and
• Level education
• of workers in manufacturing explosive sector

Explosive manufacturing
Fireworks manufacturing
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Characterisation of explosives sector in Portugal

• Licences and Control authorities
• Guns and explosive department of Police
• Environmental Institute
• Regional department of Economy Minister
• Certifying explosive products
• Notified body (not in Portugal)
• Directive 93/15/CEE of 5 April for explosives
• Norms of Quality
• Organization for the Normalisation of Explosive
  Sector
• CEN/TC 212 - Fireworks
• CEN/TC 321 Explosives for civil sector

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Characterisation of explosives sector in Portugal
Licences and Control Authorities
IGUS Group
End-users companies
Control of Notified Bodies
Notified Body
Manufacturing Companies
Certified Laboratories
Calibration Laboratories
Companies and Professional Societies
ONES
Internal Security Minister
Institute of Quality
CEN
Trading of explosives
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Laws concerning training and competences in
explosives sector

• Decree-Law nº 376/84 of November 30
• Rules for licence to manufacture and storage of
  explosive products
• Rules for manufacturing, storage, trade and use
  of explosive products
• 1. Manufacturing and storages of explosives and
  fireworks must have a technical responsible
• Technical responsible for explosives must be
• Engineer (preference Chemical or Mining)
• Official of the Army with the course of Armament
  and Materials
• Military engineer from the area of armament and
  munitions or someone with equivalent degree with
  experience in explosive industry
• Technical responsible for manufacturing of
  fireworks, gunpowder , munitions for hunting and
  storage must be
• Individual with the compulsory studies reach at
  the adult age (18 year old)
• 2. Technical responsible is proposed by the owner
  of the company and is authorised by the Gun and
  Explosive Department of the Police
• 3. Technical responsible be responsible for
• All technical operation in the manufacturing or
  storage
• Observance of the rules and technical instructions

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Laws concerning training and competences in
explosives sector

• Decree-Law nº 376/84 of November 30
• Rules for manufacturing, storage, trade and use
  of explosive products
• 1. Use of explosives in mines, quarries or civil
  construction must be performed by an individual
  with the shotfire certificate
• Three types of shotfire certificate is proposed
• Explosives
• Gunpowder
• Explosives substances
• Conditions to be shotfire
• More than 21 year old
• Compulsory studies at adult age (18 years old)
• Be approved in the theoretical and practical
  exams related to the proposed certificated
• 2. Fireworks fire must be performed by an
  individual technically approved by the technical
  responsible of the fireworks manufacturing
  company.

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Laws concerning training and competences in
explosives sector

• Decree-Law nº 376/84 of November 30
• Rules for manufacturing, storage, trade and use
  of explosive products
• 1. Explosives out of life or diary wastes of
  explosives from manufacturing or use operations
  must be urgently destroyed.
• - Be competence to perform this operation
• Inspector of Explosive Brigade
• Officials of the Army with the course of
  Armament and Materials
• Technical responsible of the manufacturing
  company
• Technical responsible for mining or quarries
  using explosives
• Supervisors of the manufacturing company or
  supervisors of end-users company

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Laws concerning training and competences in
explosives sector

• Decree-Law nº 139/02 of May 17
• Rules of safety in manufacturing and storage
  units of explosive products
• Technical responsible is an individual approved
  by the Police authority, after to be approved in
  a specific training course accepting only
• engineers in specific area, or
• professionals with a minimum experience of 5
  years in the explosive sector.

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Laws concerning training and competences in
explosives sector

• Ministerial dispatch nº 23721/2006 of November 21
• Establish the appointment and vocational
  qualification of safety advisers for the
  transport of dangerous goods by road, rail and
  inland waterway
• Minimum studies to be accepted 12º
• Course in global dangerous goods min 70 sessions
  of 45 minutes
• Exam can be in global or in specific classes of
  dangerous goods
• Updating course (every 5 years) min 16 sessions
  of 45 minutes
• Common conditions
• Maximum session/day 8
• Trainer and examiner must be independent
• Rules of transport of dangerous goods by road
• Base course min 18 sessions of 45 minutes
• Specialisation courses
• Dangerous goods of class min 8 sessions of 45
  minutes
• Updating courses every 5 years
• Base course min 15 sessions of 45 minutes
• Base course specialisation course min 20
  sessions of 45 minutes

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Education and skill to professional activity

• Education in Portugal
• Compulsory studies (1st 9th form level)
• 1rst level 4 years (normal age 6 to 10)
• 2nd level 2 years (normal age 10 to 12)
• 3rd level 3 years (normal age 12 to 15)
• Complementary studies
• Secondary studies 3 years (normal age 15 to 25)
• Theoretical (basic sciences)
• Practical and Professional (large number of
  subjects)
• High school (according Bologna process) - normal
  age 18 to 25
• Graduate 3 years
• Master 1 years
• Doctor 3 years

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Education and skill to professional activity

• Matters of study in education in Portugal
• Compulsory studies
• 1 st level 4 years (normal age 6 to 10)
• Portuguese language,
• Mathematics,
• Human body, Society and Environment.

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Education and skill to professional activity

• Matters of study in education in Portugal
• Compulsory studies
• 2nd level 2 years (normal age 10 to 12)

The average weekly school is 24 hours according
(II-A1) Languages and Social
Sciences Nowadays the preference for
foreign language is English (II-A2)
Mathematics and Sciences, (II-A3)
Arts and Technology, (II-A4) Physical
education (II-CA) Complementary area
concerning Civic Aspects
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Education and skill to professional activity

• Education in Portugal
• Compulsory studies
• 3rd level 3 years (normal age 12 to 15)

(III-A1) Languages The second foreign language
coexists with previous ones Preferences go to
French and German (III-A2) Human and Social
Sciences (III-A3) Mathematics (III-A4) Physics
and Natural Sciences (III-A5) Arts and
Technology and Physical. (III-CA)
Complementary area concerning Civic Aspects
The average weekly school of the 3rd cycle of
studies is 25,5 hours according
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Education and skill to professional activity

• Education in Portugal
• Complementary studies
• Secondary studies 3 years (normal age 15 to 25)
• Arts (painting audiovisual dance music)
• Sciences and Social (oriented to graduate
  studies)
• Learning (oriented to multi-activities)
• Education and training (social, sciences,
  technology and practice)
• Professional (practical studies oriented to
  working activities)
• Technological (double ways) 1 - CET or Graduate
  2 Working activities
• Initial qualification and scholar education
  (tourism, hotel and restaurant services)
• Pos-secondary studies 1 to 1,5 years (normal
  age gt 18)
• - Technological training (CET) (sciences and
  technology oriented to professional activity)

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Education and skill to professional activity
Areas Previous School Requirement Duration (years) Vocational Qualification Future Education/training
Arts 9º 3 Level 3 CET or Graduate
Sciences and social 9º 3 12º Graduate
Learning 4º to 12º 3 Level 1 / 2 / 3/ 4 Progressive levels
Education and training 4º to 12º 3 Level 1 / 2 / 3 6º / 9º / 12º Progressive levels
Professional 9º 3 Level 3 CET or Graduate
Technological 9º 3 Level 3 or 12º CET or Graduate
Initial qualification and scholar education 9º 3 12º -
Technological training (CET) 12º or (quasi) Level 3 1 to 1,5 Level 4 -
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Education and skill to professional activity

• Rate of children at the previous-school 78,4
• Rate of students that stop at the basic-school
  (4º) 11,8
• Rate of students with computer and internet
  12,8

Rate of the students with the Secondary Studies
concluded
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Professional training courses and methodologies
Subjects Business Languages Health and well
being Management Quality and certification Technol
ogical Safety, hygiene and health Drawing and
Arts Computer / Programming Electronic /
electricity Mechanical of cars Civil
construction Air conditioning Gas systems

• Training institution and method processes
• Private companies
• on site and distance learning
• Public companies
• on site and distance learning
• Private technical schools
• on site and distance learning
• Syndicates
• on site
• Company and Professional societies
• on site
• High schools
• on site (evening and weekend courses) and
  distance learning

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Professional training courses mentioning
explosive products

• High schools
• Mines and Geology engineering
• Military training courses
• Technology of ammunition and Explosives (45
  hours)
• Explosives materials basic course
• Ammunition assessment and Explosives
• Police school
• Inactivity of explosives apparatus (200 hours)
• Civil training courses
• Subjects
• Transport of dangerous goods (not specific for
  explosives)
• Safety advisers for the transport of dangerous
  goods (not specific for explosives)
• Pyrotechnics (oriented to)
• Technical responsible and owner of manufacture
  company
• Manufacturing operators
• Fireworks-fire
• Blasting (oriented to)
• Rock blasting

Navy School Air Forces Armament Dep. Military
Academia
NO REGULAR COURSES
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Training courses in Pyrotechnics
Technical responsible and owner of companies Manufacturing operators Fireworks-fire
Topics Manufacture layout Safety Management Tests and disposals Storage of raw mat. Safety and procedures Chemical and materials First aid and rescue Authorisation and signalling Load and unload a truck Assemblage of pyrotechnics components Physical and electricity
Hours 12 12 12
Methodology On site On site On site
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Training courses in Blasting
Basic course for Shotfire Master on explosives for technical responsible of quarries and excavation
Topics Properties of the rocks Perforation Explosives and initiation systems Blasting calculation Loading procedures Environmental impact Safety Control equipment Shotfire certificate in explosives Dynamic of the rocks Blasting theory and calculation Explosives Environmental impact Role of technical responsible and company responsibility Risk analysis Laws with rules on explosives quarries and civil construction Hygiene and Safety in the Work
Hours 21 52
Methodology On site On site and 2 technical visits (Explosive manufacturing company and a quarry)
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Training Basic course in blasting

To start in October
1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day 5th day
Morning Geology Drilling methods Initiation systems Charging and blasting Laws rules and safety Charging and blasting operations
Afternoon Explosives Blasting theory Charging and blasting Vibrations and fly rocks Environmental aspects Specials operations Analysis of results and safety and environmental analysis
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Certification of training coursesrelated with
explosives

• Mining and Geology engineering courses (high
  schools)
• Evaluated and certified for a period of time (5
  years) by
• Portuguese Society of Engineers
• National Board Committee on the Evaluation of
  High Schools
• Courses on (company and professional societies)
• Training on transport of dangerous goods
• Safety advisers for the transport of dangerous
  goods
• Evaluated and certified for a period of time (3
  years) by
• General Direction of Transports

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Accidents in explosives sector
Fireworks
42 dies in 6 years
Shotgun powder
1 accident 3 dies
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Evaluation of competences for a suitable
qualification in explosive sector
LEVEL
Competences 1 and 2 3 4 5
Research, development design X X
Safety management X X X X
Test evaluation X X X
Manufacture X X X X
Maintenance X X X
Procurement X X
Storage X X X
Transport X X X
Facilities management X X
Use X X X X
Disposal X X
Authorization control X X X
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Conclusions

• Past knowledge and competences under militaries
• Supervisors and experts are engineers or
  militaries in civil sector
• Operators have low knowledge and limit
  competences around level 1 and 2
• Critical points
• Training in pyrotechnics
• Small dimension of fireworks companies
• Explosive sector full dependant of Internal
  Security Minister
• No obligation of training and exam for people in
  the sector
• Positive points
• Young people able to use computer and facilities
  for training

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