Ling 390 - Intro to Linguistics - Winter 2005 Class 1 - Monday, January 3, 2005

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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II

• Rule ordering when there are multiple rules in
  the data, we have to decide if these rules
  interact with each other and how to order those
  rules to arrive at the correct outcome (surface
  forms as presented by the data).

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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Consider the following English data.
What are the two rules observed in these data?
Liquid devoicing Liquids become voiceless after
a voiceless stop at the beginning of a
syllable. Schwa deletion Schwa is deleted in an
open syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Rule application and derivation and order Feeding Two rules are said to be in a feeding order if the earlier rule creates environments in which the later rule can apply. Bleeding If two rules, A and B, are in a bleeding order, the application of rule A causes a decrease in the number of forms to which rule B can apply. An example suppose rule A changes some consonants from voiceless to voiced in some environments and rule B only applies to voiceless consonants. The application of rule A before rule B would mean that fewer forms are available for rule B to apply to. Counter Feeding The ordering of two phonological rules so that Rule A, which could provide contexts for the operation of Rule B, is prevented from doing so by being ordered after Rule B Counter Bleeding The ordering of two phonological rules so that Rule A, which could remove contexts in which Rule B operates, is prevented from doing so by being ordered after Rule B.
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Rule application and derivation The predictable processes applying to the UR forms to derive the PR Output (PR) does not match data!
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Rule application and derivation The predictable processes applying to the UR forms to derive the PR
With respect to order of these rules and the
actual outcome, what relationship must they occur
in?
Feeding
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II

• Canadian Raising

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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Rule ordering Canadian raising - which rule applies is important for the outcome
flapping tapping
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Rule ordering Canadian raising - which rule applies is important for the outcome
This order predicts the actual speech correctly
what relationship are these rules in?
Bleeding
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
If the output shows surface forms below for some dialects (although as far as I know this is not attested!) then we seem to have a minimal pair.
Hayes argues that this does not prove separate
phonemes, but rather a displaced contrast.
Basically, since the underlying forms of the tap
show 2 phonemes (their distinction has been
neutralized), and since the minimal pair only
shows up before a tap, then the forms do not show
a minimal pair at the phoneme level. Kinda
circular, but hey thats phonological theory! ?
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Assume that d in this language is actually a
dental sound, not alveolar
Also, are oral and nasal vowels allophones of the
same phoneme or separate phonemes?
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
before r, a after m, n word initially,
etc
i_ a
elsewhere
_ y
_ i
all between vowels
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
What are the phonemes?
/b/ /d/ and /g/ and oral vowels
What 2 rules can you identify applying in the
data?
Voiced stops become voiced fricatives between
vowels. Vowels become nasalized before nasal.
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
What is the phonemic forms of the following
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Provide derivations for the following
Does it matter what order these words apply in?
No, there is no feeding or bleeding relationship
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Data show that long and short vowels are phonemic from minimal pairs below
But then we have the form And then we have the form And then We should expect So what happened to the long vowel???
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Terms ultimate final // penultimate 2nd to last // antepenultimate 3rd to last preantepenultimate anything before 3rd to last We can explain by following rule Preantepenultimate shortening Shorten a vowel when at least 3 vowels follow it syllabic ? long / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Here is the derivation
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Rule applies generally to vowels more than 3 syllables from end regardless of what affixes are used How do we justify underlying form?
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
We see that vowels show up as long when end of
word but NOT when end of phrase so we need 2
rules.
PFS
WFL
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Since phrase final is ALSO word final, we need to
order the rules so that PFS applies after WFL so
that we dont end up with a long vowel at end of
phrase. How do we know this order? Try it both
ways and see which gives us the grammatical
surface form
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
What about interaction between WFL and
Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS)
WFL
Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS) syllabic ?
long / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V
One lengthens a vowel and one shortens it so they
could interact. We need proof so here are some
more data
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
What about interaction between WFL and
Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS)
WFL
Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS) syllabic ?
long / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V
According to WFL, the final vowel of kuna
should be long but it isnt. Why? Because it is
more than 3 syllables from end so PAS blocks it.
So we need to order them like this
Not like this
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
What about interaction between WFL and
Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS)
WFL
Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS) syllabic ?
long / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V
More proof
Therefore
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Now we have this
To explain, we need this
PLS
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Here is a derivation
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Since all these rules deal with long and short
vowels at different places in the word, then
these rules need to apply in the correct order to
arrive at the correct surface forms. Also, need
to apply after morphology and after syntax since
they refer to the domains of word final and
phrase final! Ch 7 Exercises 1-3 ask to prove
what order these various rules apply. You need
to show multiple derivations for each form to
show when the rules are in a certain order, they
will derive the correct output or not. Hayes
gives you a hint by showing how the rules must be
ordered
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Ch 7 Phonological Alternation II
Look at Ex 5 Ch 7 and discuss. Look at fake
Greek data and discuss.