Folds, Faults and Other Records of Rock Deformation Ch.11 Grotzinger, Jordan Press - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Folds, Faults and Other Records of Rock Deformation Ch.11 Grotzinger, Jordan Press

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Title: Folds, Faults and Other Records of Rock Deformation Ch.11 Grotzinger, Jordan Press


1
Folds, Faults and Other Records of Rock
DeformationCh.11 Grotzinger, Jordan Press
Siever
2
Concepts you will need to know for the exams
  • Deformation
  • Normal fault
  • Thrust/Reverse Fault
  • Strike-slip Fault
  • folds
  • Stress
  • tension ? ?
  • compression ? ?
  • shearing
  • Factors athat determine the amount and type of
    deformation in a rock
  • Temperature
  • Fluids
  • Pressure
  • How fast materials are deformed
  • Composition
  • Time
  • Fault breccia--- a example of brittle rock
    deformation
  • Mylonite ----- an example of plastic deformation
  • Joints fracturs and faults

3
A fold is a bend in a rock But, how can this
be???? Inequality is the cause of all local
movements LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)
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A fault is a break in a rock across which there
is observable movement. When the break
occurred an earthquake was generated, whether or
not anyone was there to detect it. Sometimes
faults die at depth and do not break the surface.
Sometimes they do such as for the Armenia 1988
earthquake.
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Directed pressure (cf. confining) in the earth
leads to deformation if it is great
enough. Rocks deform under three orientations
for the directed pressure or STRESS.
9
The directed stress can have three orientations
with respect to vertical
(Side view)
(Side View)
(Birds Eye View)
10
If the sediments are soft and folds develop
(Side view)
(Side View)
HIGHS
HIGHS
LOWS
LOWS
LOWS
(Birds Eye View)
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If the sediments are brittle faults can develop

(Side view)
(Side View)
(Birds Eye View)
15
If the sediments are brittle faults can develop

(Side view)
(Side View)
(Birds Eye View)
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What is the direction of directed pressure? How
many orientations of faults can be generated for
the same directed pressure direction??
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What is your opinion?
  1. True
  2. False

20
If the sediments two possible orientations for
faults can develop
(Side view)
(Side View)
(Birds Eye View)
21
At least 6 factors control how rock deforms e.g.
at shallow depth a rock may fracture whereas at
depth it may flow. Factors are (1) rock type (2)
Confining and directed pressure (3)
temperature (4) Fluids (5) Time (6) Rate of
deformation
22
Brittle Means a rock breaks quickly into sharp
pieces, e.g. glass at room temperature Textures
show that rocks break in a brittle fashion at
shallow depths inside faults (I.e. fault breccia,
fault flour)
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Ductile-- Means that a rock breaks slowly,or has
a lot of give Textures show that rocks break
in a ductile fashion at depths of a few
kilometers inside faults. The minerals
recrystallize, and grow into new shapes
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Joints are also fractures, but which do not show
clear movement of blocks across them. (
Remember Faults are also fractures but WITH
movement across the fractures)
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Different types of faults imply different
directions of shortening and lengthening and can
be used to imply different types of plate margin
settings
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